Plant Disease, 92(4), 654. Molecular tools have now demonstrated that phytoplasmas associated with stolbur, stolbur-related and yellows-type diseases of solanaceous plants, grapevine, lavandin and other wild and cultivated plants are members of the same species, determined as 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (Quaglino et al., 2013). P. solani’ is not transmitted from infected female planthoppers to their progeny (EFSA Panel on Plant Health, 2014). Dianthus barbatus - a new host of Stolbur phytoplasma in Serbia. Diversity among mycoplasma-like organisms inducing grapevine yellows in France. 98 (8), 1152. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-01-14-0085-PDN, Plavec J, Križanac I, Budinšćak Ž, Škorić D, Musić M Š, 2015. HTTP://www.apsnet.org DOI:10.1094/PD-90-1313, Duduk B, Tian JanBao, Contaldo N, Fan XinPing, Paltrinieri S, Chen QiuFang, Zhao QiFeng, Bertaccini A, 2010. Phytoplasma solani’ in Serbia; Reptalus quinquecostatus has been reported as a putative vector in Serbia and France, but its capability to transmit the phytoplasma to plants has not been established (Cvrković et al., 2014; Chuche et al., 2016; Mitrovic et al., 2016). DOI:10.1046/j.1439-0434.2000.00484.x, Shimomoto Y, Ikeda K, Asahina Y, Yano K, Oka M, Oki T, Yamasaki J, Takeuchi S, Morita Y, 2020. Plant Disease. Palermo, S., Ember, I., Botti, S., Elekes, M., Alma, A., Bertaccini, A., Orosz, A., Kölber, M., 2006. First report of corn reddening caused by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' in Bulgaria. Navratil M, Valova P, Savarova D, Lauterer P, Stary M, Korbasova Z, 2011. 159 (4), 241-246. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0434 DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01757.x, Iriti M, Quaglino F, Maffi D, Casati P, Bianco P A, Faoro F, 2008. EPPO Reporting Service, No. 13 (10), 929-933. First report of phytoplasma infections in fruit trees and grapevine in Albania. Molecular identification of "bois noir" phytoplasmas in grapevine in Bulgaria. First report of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' associated with potato stolbur disease in Montenegro. First report of Candidatus phytoplasma solani on blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) in Bulgaria. First report of a "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani" related strain associated with a disease of Datura stramonium in Greece. Diversity of grapevine yellows in Germany. Phytoplasma solani australensis, Phytoplasma solani australiense. Phytoplasma solani’ are reported in crop plants, and most non-crop hosts (the majority of which are weeds) do not show symptoms; the pathogen is not associated with direct adverse effects in natural habitats. DOI:10.1051/agro:19931007, Lindner K, Haase N U, Roman M, Seemüller E, 2011. Petria, 21(2/3): 118-119, Chinmay Biswas, Piyali Dey, Subrata Satpathy, 2014. http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/. A case study of FD and BN phytoplasma variability in Croatia: multigene sequence analysis approach. In: Petria, 21 (2/3) 110-111. Table 1: International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures ISPM 11 (FAO, 2013) and ISPM 21 (FAO, 2004) pest categorisation criteria under evaluation 8 Table 2: Current distribution of Candidatus Phytoplasma solani in the 28 EU MSs, Iceland and Norway, based on answers received First report of 'Candidatus phytoplasma solani' strains associated with grapevine bois noir in Jordan. Impact of stolbur phytoplasmas on potato tuber texture and sugar content of selected potato cultivars. Phytoplasma solani’ has a wide range of diverse host plants, although many of them represent dead-end hosts because the vectors do not develop on them. First report of grapevine 'bois noir' in Azerbaijan. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 1 (1), DOI:10.4454/JPP.V96I4.014. 2014). 100 (8), 1775. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-02-16-0180-PDN, Rashidi M, Habili N, Ghasemi A, 2010. Many different strains have been identified by molecular characterization, mainly based on tufB, secY, vmp1 and stamp sequencing (Fabre et al., 2011; Fialova et al., 2009; Murolo and Romanazzi, 2015; Quaglino et al., 2016). Bulletin of Insectology. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry winters), Continental climate, wet all year (Warm average temp. Contribution to the study of grapevine yellows in the world: investigation by ELISA using flavescence dorée-specific antibodies. Myrta, A., Ermacora, P., Stamo, B., Osler, R., 2003. Up to now, three main natural ecologies have been described: (1) the host system bindweed - H. obsoletus - crop, related to type tuf-b strains; (2) the host system nettle - H. obsoletus - crop, related to type tuf-a; and (3) the host system Calystegia sepium - H. obsoletus - crop, related to type tuf-c (Langer and Maixner, 2004). Maize redness - demystifying the causal agent of one of the most destructive diseases of maize. Identification of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ Associated with Tree Peony Yellows Disease in China. Incidence of Bois Noir phytoplasma in different viticulture regions of Spain and Stolbur isolates distribution in plants and vectors. Chardonnay with buds from either healthy, infected or symptomless vines chosen at random in a vineyard with a low disease incidence. Phytoplasma diseases and their relationships with insect and plant hosts in Canadian horticultural and field crops. ©Dr Fabio Quaglino/Department of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy, Inflorescence / abnormal leaves (phyllody), Inflorescence / discoloration (non-graminaceous plants), Inflorescence / distortion (non-graminaceous plants), Vegetative organs / internal rotting or discoloration, Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer, Warm average temp. Plant Disease. 2009). Vitis. Zandarski, J., 1999. Geographic spread of the 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' belonging to 16SrXII-A ribosomal subgroup has been reported over the past decade in different crops in Serbia (Cvrković et al. Zastita Bilja, 65(1):7-14. http://www.izbis.com/casopis/2014/Zastita-bilja-Vol.65-(1)-2014.pdf, Kosovac, A., Jakovljevic, M., Krstic, O., Cvrkovic, T., Mitrovic, M., Toševski, I., Jovic, J., 2019. Stolbur detection in Spain by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/. Bau H J, Hung S C, Chang W C, Chen Y K, 2011. Journal of Phytopathology, 157(7/8), 502-506. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/jph doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2008.01508.x, Gajardo, A., Fiore, N., Prodan, S., Paltrinieri, S., Botti, S., Pino, A. M., Zamorano, A., Montealegre, J., Bertaccini, A., 2009. 130 (3), 367-377. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=100265 DOI:10.1007/s10658-011-9759-5. > 10°C, Cold average temp. Plant Disease, 98(6):839-840. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis, Pelletier, C., Salar, P., Gillet, J., Cloquemin, G., Very, P., Foissac, X., Malembic-Maher, S., 2009. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. Informatore Fitopatologico, 47(11), 61-63. In: Third European Bois Noir Workshop, Barcelona, Spain, 20-21 March 2013 [Third European Bois Noir Workshop, Barcelona, Spain, 20-21 March 2013], [ed. Journal of Phytopathology, 156(1), 8-14. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007.01311.x, Ivanovic, Ž., Trkulja, N., Živkovic, S., Dolovac, E. P., Dolovac, N., Jovic, J., Mitrovic, M., 2011. e12394. Mehle N, Ravnikar M, Seljak G, Knapic V, Dermastia M, 2011. Diagnosis, epidemiology and research. Agronomie. Gene, 472(1/2), 37-41. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T39-51C4RSN-1&_user=10&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F2011&_rdoc=6&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%234941%232011%23995279998%232846776%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=4941&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=8&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=fa183257cc8705a299631eb2d24c0b8c&searchtype=a doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.10.012, Fialová, R., Válová, P., Balakishiyeva, G., Danet, J. L., Šafárová, D., Foissac, X., Navrátil, M., 2009. In the European Union it is listed as a harmful organism necessitating restrictions on the import of plants in the family Solanaceae (EFSA Panel on Plant Health, 2014). Molecular identification and diversity of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' associated with red-leaf disease of Salvia miltiorrhiza in China. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01507-18, Seruga, M., Perica, M. C., Škoric, D., Kozina, B., Miroševic, N., Šaric, A., Bertaccini, A., Krajacic, M., 2000. First report of phytoplasma infections in several temperate fruit trees and vegetable crops in Azerbaijan. Plant Disease, 88(8), 906. http://www.apsnet.org doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.8.906A. As for ‘Ca. A new TaqMan method for the identification of phytoplasmas associated with grapevine yellows by real-time PCR assay. Doklady Academii Nauk SSSR, 53, 153-156. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie d'Agriculture de France, 82(1), 5-20. Plant Disease. Journal of Plant Pathology. Grapevine Bois noir (BN) is caused by ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (‘ Ca. Voncina, D., Cvjetkovic, B., 2007. Midrib reddening is the first symptom to appear, followed by reddening of leaves and stalks and then whole-plant desiccation. Diversity of grapevine yellows in Germany. Phytoplasma solani’ control. Phytoplasma solani’ to grapevine (Kosovac et al., 2016), and (ii) the ability of Reptalus panzeri to transmit ‘Ca. 148 (4), 239-242. Investigation on 'bois noir' epidemiology in north-eastern Italian vineyards through a multidisciplinary approach. The management of H. obsoletus host plants in agro-systems and their surrounding areas is therefore considered crucial for ‘Ca. DOI:10.1111/jph.12672, Zamharir M G, Taheri P, 2017. (2013), ‘Ca. Considering the average six weeks activity period of adult H. obsoletus, feeding of infective adult vectors on annual plants could explain their infection. Sequence analysis of tufB gene revealed that three tuf-types of 'Ca. Revised classification scheme of phytoplasmas based on RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein gene sequences. Margaria, P., Turina, M., Palmano, S., 2009. 85 (1), 64. 'Bois noir': new phytoplasma disease of grapevine in Iran. Mertelik J, Kloudova K, Vanc P, Mokra V, Sediva J, Navratil M, Valova P, 2004. Contribution to the study of grapevine yellows in the world: investigation by ELISA using flavescence dorée-specific antibodies. First report of grapevine "bois noir" disease and a new phytoplasma infecting solanaceous plants in Lebanon. Plant Disease, 98(12):1739. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis, Hosseini, P., Bahar, M., Madani, G., Zirak, L., 2011. Plant Disease. First report of 'Candidatus phytoplasma solani' strains associated with grapevine bois noir in Jordan. European Journal of Plant Pathology. (2005) Phytoplasma causing stolbur in Solanaceae - classification : Eubacteria, Firmicutes, Mollicutes, Acholeplasmatales, Acholeplasmataceae - this phytoplasma belongs to group 16Sr XII and to a phylogenetic group of stolbur - English name : Big bud, Stolbur. Agronomie, 13(10), 929-933. doi: 10.1051/agro:19931007. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Internodes near to the plant apex are shorter and present smaller curled leaves with ticker tissues. (Jovic et al. Journal of Plant Pathology, 79(3), 211-217. Phytoplasma solani’ were present in diseased crops, as well as in specific plant hosts, suggesting that ecological differences could play a role in its molecular diversification. As the main symptom caused by ‘Ca. Plant Pathology, 65(2), 285-298. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppa.12409/full doi: 10.1111/ppa.12409, Kostadinovska, E., Quaglino, F., Mitrev, S., Casati, P., Bulgari, D., Bianco, P. A., 2014. Wei Wei, Lee IngMing, Davis, R. E., Suo XiaoBing, Zhao Yan, 2008. Avinent L, Llácer G, 1995. Phytopathogenic Mollicutes, 1(2): 1-12, Mertelik, J., Kloudova, K., Vanc, P., Mokra, V., Sediva, J., Navratil, M., Valova, P., 2004. First report of stolbur phytoplasma (16SrXII-A) on strawberry in Northern Italy. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 63(8), 2879-2894. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.044750-0, Radonjic S, Hrncic S, Kosovac A, Krstic O, Mitrovic M, Jovic J, Tosevski I, 2016. Categorization of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (PHYPSO) Country/NPPO List Year addition Year transfer Year deletion; Africa: Egypt: A1 list Diseases associated with ‘Ca. Plant Disease, 93(8), 789-796. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis doi: 10.1094/PDIS-93-8-0789, Galetto, L., Bosco, D., Marzachì, C., 2005. Although phytoplasmas were discovered at the end of the 1960s, phytoplasma-like symptoms on plants had been reported previously (erroneously associated with viruses for their plant-to-plant transmissibility). Vitis, 32(3), 159-163. 47 (14), 1746-1751. http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gapp20 DOI:10.1080/03235408.2013.856549, Choueiri E, Jreijiri F, El-Zammar S, Verdin E, Salar P, Danet J L, Bové J, Garnier M, 2002. However, the control strategies used to manage the 'Ca. Journal of Plant Pathology, 92(S4), S4.115. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 12: 47. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ is a phytoplasma of the stolbur group (16SrXII subgroup A) that is associated with ‘Bois noir’ and causes heavy damage to the quality and quantity of grapevine yields in several European countries, and particularly in the Mediterranean area. Occurrence and distribution of bois noir phytoplasma in Turkey. 59 (4), 796. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/ppa DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02245.x, Reckhaus P, Reckhaus S, Adamou I, 1988. First detection of phytoplasmas in rhododendron in the Czech Republic. Calari A, Contaldo N, Ardizzi S, Bertaccini A, 2010. Petria, 21(2/3): 110-111, Navrátil, M., Válová, P., Fialová, R., Lauterer, P., Šafárová, D., Starý, M., 2009. First report of grapevine Bois noir in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Potato Research. Molecular characterization of stolbur phytoplasma associated with pea plants in Poland. Plant Disease, 100(5), 904-915. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis doi: 10.1094/PDIS-09-15-0978-RE, Quaglino, F., Maghradze, D., Chkhaidze, N., Casati, P., Failla, O., Bianco, P. A., 2014. In the European Union it is listed as a harmful organism necessitating restrictions on the import of plants in the family Solanaceae. "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani", the causal agent of the black wood of grapevine, is a bacterial Phytoplasma species[2] of the 16SrXII group. Identification of new -J and -K 16SrXII subgroups and distinct single nucleotide polymorphism genetic lineages among 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' strains associated with bois noir in Central Italy. Petria, 21: 17-32. Yellow wilt of lavandin; new mycoplasma disease. Name: "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani" Quaglino et al. The black wood of grapevine disease is classified as part of the grapevine yellows. For example, recent studies reported (i) the direct epidemiological role of Vitex agnus-castus in the  Hyalesthes obsoletus-mediated transmission of ‘Ca. EFSA Journal, 12(12), 3924. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/3924.pdf, Ember, I., Acs, Z., Munyaneza, J. E., Crosslin, J. M., Kolber, M., 2011. First report of stolbur phytoplasma associated with Anethum graveolens in Serbia. Marcone, C., Ragozzino, A., Seemüller, E., 1997. The dark brown discoloration that occurs during frying is a non-enzymatic reaction caused by an interaction between free aldehyde groups of reducing hexoses like glucose and fructose and free amino groups of amino acids and tuber proteins during high temperature processing. Stolbur disease of tomato plants in Niger. Starý, M., Válová, P., Šafárová, D., Lauterer, P., Ackermann, P., Navrátil, M., 2013. The disease was associated with the presence of stolbur phytoplasma, transmitted by H. obsoletus. Potato Research. Phytoplasma solani’ spread or incidence are based on: (a) the preventive removal of the grape suckers on which H. obsoletus could feed after grass mowing; (b) trunk cutting above the engagement point on symptomatic grapevines; and (c) treatments by resistance inducers (Belli et al., 2010). Phytoplasma solani’ could potentially have negative effects on human health, in particular that of farmers. Plant Disease. Symptoms of phytoplasma-infected tomato plants generally appear during summer. Plant Disease. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58(10), 2368-2377. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65868-0, Weintraub, P. G., Beanland, L., 2006. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', a novel taxon associated with stolbur- and bois noir-related diseases of plants. 82 (1), 5-20. Pap, S. M., Varga, J. G., Cervenski, J., Stepanovic, J., Rekanovic, E., Stepanovic, M., Duduk, B., 2018. New Disease Reports. Diagnosis, epidemiology and research. 32 (3), 159-163. Phytoplasma solani’-associated diseases has stimulated research on molecular markers of genetic diversity. The sequences of 16S rRNA, tuf, sec Y and vmp 1 genes amplified from LN‐1 phytoplasma shared the closest homologies of 99%, 100%, 99% and 98% with those of the reference strain Candidatus Phytoplasma solani (subgroup 16SrXII‐A), respectively. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ related strain associated with Babylon willow witches’ broom in central provinces of Iran. 98 (6), 841. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-12-13-1225-PDN, Allahverdi T, Rahimian H, Babaeizad V, 2014. Boudon-Padieu E, 1996. On the other hand, such plants could constitute the inoculation target and the acquisition source of one or more alternative vectors, probably present in the agro-system as adults for a longer period, during the same vegetative season (Mori et al., 2015). Sukhov KS, Vovk AM, 1946. The most widespread phytoplasmas, vectors and measures for disease control in Slovenia. Phytopathologia Mediterranea. Journal of Phytopathology, 159(4), 241-246. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0434 doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01757.x, International Research Programme for Comparative Mycoplasmology Phytoplasma\Spiroplasma Working Team - Phytoplasma Taxonomy Group, 2004. Detection of Stolbur phytoplasma in species of Cixiidae found in Hungarian vineyards. 79 (3), 211-217. EPPO Global database. 164 (2), 136-140. Development of a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay for the distinction of two major subtypes of the grapevine yellows phytoplasma Bois noir. The planthopper Reptalus panzeri has also been reported as a natural vector of ‘Ca. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 160 (7/8), 317-323. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0434 DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2012.01903.x, Fabio Quaglino, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Survey and molecular detection of phytoplasmas associated with potato in Romania and southern Russia. Plant Disease, 97(11), 1505. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis doi: 10.1094/PDIS-04-13-0428-PDN. Unlike the situation with most crop plants, H. obsoletus can complete its life cycle on lavender; thus, disease propagation is epidemic and lavender fields can be destroyed within 4–5 years in south-eastern France (Foissac et al., 2013). 95 (12), 1581. Journal of Phytopathology, 157(11/12), 682-685. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/jph doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01560.x, Rashidi, M., Habili, N., Ghasemi, A., 2010. Fewer fruits are produced and they are smaller, uncoloured, and dense, leading to a significant yield loss. Plant Disease, 100(12):2522. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis, Batlle A, Larrue J, Clair D, Daire X, Boudon-Padieu E, Lavina A, 1995. Vitis, 48(2), 87-95. http://vitis-vea.zadi.de, Plavec, J., Križanac, I., Budinšcak, Ž., Škoric, D., Music, M. Š., 2015. Scientific opinion on the pest categorisation of Candidatus phytoplasma solani. Pavlovic S, Josic D, Starovic M, Stojanovic S, Aleksic G, Stojsin V, Radanovic D, 2012. International Journal of Tropical Plant Diseases, 17(1/2), 1-34. Striking diversity of vmp1, a variable gene encoding a putative membrane protein of the stolbur phytoplasma. Insect vectors of phytoplasmas. Mirchenari S M, Massah A, Zirak L, 2015. Cousin MT, Moreau JP, Staron T, Faivre-Amiot A, 1970. Maixner M, Rüdel M, Daire X, Boudon-Padieu E, 1995. Karimi M, Contaldo N, Mahmoudi B, Duduk B, Bertaccini A, 2009. First report of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' infecting parsnip in Serbia. Phytoplasma solani’ in particular, more than 100 plant species, belonging to 40 different families and 22 orders, have been described as being infected by it; they include many wild plants, ornamental plants and major and minor crops. gemmifera L.) in Serbia. Phytoplasma solani’ from other species. 91 (1), 145-155. 95 (2), 447. http://sipav.org/main/jpp/index.php/jpp/article/view/2836. Five-year observations indicated that: (i) BN is graft-transmissible at a rate of less than 3%; (ii) grafting is much more successful when healthy rather than infected plants are used as donors; and (iii) the incubation period of BN in graft-inoculated grapevines may range from five months to as long as two years (Osler et al., 1997). 12 (3), 222-225. ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma solani’ (Quaglino et al. Plant Disease. European Journal of Plant Pathology. The disease can cause strong yield reductions (40%-90%) and economic losses. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 53(3), 491-501. http://www.fupress.com/pm/, Kovacevic, M., Ðuric, Z., Jovic, J., Perkovic, G., Lolic, B., Hrncic, S., Toševski, I., Delic, D., 2014. First report of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' and 'Ca. Identification of stolbur-related phytoplasmas in grapevine showing decline symptoms in Iran. Journal of Plant Pathology, 85(1), 64. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin. Yang RuiHuan, Wang GuiWei, Wang Sai, Zhang Di, Wei LiangZhu, Chen HaiMin, Li Ou, Hu XiuFang, 2016. Possibilità di propagazione del giallume della vite (Legno nero) a mezzo del materiale vivaistico (Possibility of propagation of grapevine yellows (black wood) by grafting). Development of a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay for the distinction of two major subtypes of the grapevine yellows phytoplasma Bois noir. In Euro-Mediterranean regions, ‘Ca. Yellow decline of Lavandula hybrida Rev and L. vera DC. Plant Disease. Tomato stolbur virus: a new record. Candidatus Phytoplasma solani, the causal agent of the black wood of grapevine, is a bacterial Phytoplasma species, of the 16SrXII group. Severe outbreaks in European countries have caused significant  yield loss (30%-80%) and a reduction in seed potato quality (Paltrinieri and Bertaccini, 2007; Lindner et al., 2011). Recent studies of the use of herbicides and insecticides against host weeds (bindweed and stinging nettles) and vectors have had some success. Over the past few decades ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, belonging to the 16SrXII-A ribosomal subgroup, has been found to cause a range of plant diseases in different agro-ecosystems in many countries in Europe and the eastern Mediterranean area and a number of others all over the world. 12 (1), 47. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13314-017-0268-z DOI:10.1007/s13314-017-0268-z, ZIMMERMAN-GRIES SARA, 1970. The innovative molecular approaches developed so far for this purpose are: (i) real time RT-PCR for FD and BN phytoplasma detection (Bianco et al., 2004; Galetto et al., 2005; Angelini et al., 2007; Margaria et al., 2009; Berger et al., 2009; Pelletier et al., 2009); (ii) nanobiotransducer for FD phytoplasma detection (Firrao et al., 2005); and (iii) multiplex nested PCR for the simultaneous identification of FD and BN agents (Clair et al., 2003). Plant Disease, 100(2), 516-517. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis. Vitis, 42(3), 151-157. Molecular detection and identification of group 16SrI and 16SrXII phytoplasmas associated with diseased potatoes in Russia. Depending on time of infection and environmental conditions, stolbur phytoplasmas cause considerable yield losses and reduce tuber quality (Ember et al., 2011); the main symptoms are top leaf rolling and purplish, shortened internodes, aerial tubers, early senescence and death. (Ispitivanje stolbura Solanacea i nacin suzbijanja). http://www.sipav.org/main/jpp/index.php/jpp/article/download/348/214, Balakishiyeva G, Mammadov A, Foissac X, Huseynova I, Aliyev J, 2016. Phytoplasma solani’-associated diseases, showing that genetically distinct strains of this species, identified in different agro-ecosystems, can cause a range of diseases. Impact of stolbur phytoplasmas on potato tuber texture and sugar content of selected potato cultivars. © Copyright 2020 CAB International. Plant Disease. Bois noir (BN), associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (CaPsol), is the most widespread disease of the grapevine yellows complex worldwide. 164 (11/12), 882-889. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0434, Zamharir M G, 2018. Maladie du bois noir de la vigne en Suisse romande et au Tessin (Black wood disease of grapes in French-speaking Switzerland and Ticino). http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/, Adamovic D, Djalovic I, Mitrovic P, Kojic S, Pivic R, Josic D, 2014. Generally, the plant crop host (e.g., grapevine, potato, tomato) represents a dead-end host for ‘Ca. Journal of Phytopathology. Blanchard D, 2012. In detail, Convolvulus arvensis (bindweed) and Urtica dioica (nettle) have been reported as being the main host plants of H. obsoletus in Europe (Mori et al., 2013). Journal of Plant Pathology. Due to its complex ecology and epidemiological cycle, and to the high capability to adapt to different agro-ecosystems, the risk of introduction of ‘Ca. This is followed by production of aerial stolons and tubers in different parts of the stems close to the axils (Mitrovic et al., 2016). 54 (3), 267-282. http://www.springerlink.com/content/el7247666170n7tp/ DOI:10.1007/s11540-011-9192-3, Lotos L, Tsialtas J T, Maliogka V I, Kaloumenos N, Eleftherohorinos I G, Katis N I, 2013. EPPO, 2020. Insecticides applied to the crop canopy influence neither the disease nor the presence of the main vector, Hyalesthes obsoletus. The first report of Stolbur phytoplasma associated with phyllody of Calendula officinalis in Serbia. Journal of Phytopathology. Plant Pathology Journal, 29(4): 465-470. 34 (1), 15-17. 42 (6), 297-304. 93 (8), 789-796. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-93-8-0789, Gao Ying, Qiu PingPing, Liu WenHao, Su WenMin, Gai ShuPeng, Liang YuanCun, Zhu XiaoPing, 2013. First Report of a "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani" Related Strain Associated with a Potato Reddening Disease in Greece. Phytoplasma solani’ strains are associated with bois noir disease of grapevine, with stolbur disease in wild and cultivated herbaceous and woody plants, and with yellowing, reddening, decline, dwarfism, leaf malformation and degeneration diseases of other plants. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 124(3), 521-526. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=100265 doi: 10.1007/s10658-008-9424-9, Bertaccini, A., Duduk, B., Paltrinieri, S., Contaldo, N., 2014. Journal of Plant Pathology. P. solani’ is usually transmitted from plant to plant by the polyphagous insect vector Hyalesthes obsoletus (Cixiidae) which, although it can complete its life cycle on only a small number of plant species, feeds on a much wider range. Australasian Plant Disease Notes. Phytoplasma solani’ renders it difficult to design efficient control strategies. Plants infected early are bushy because of the development of numerous axillary buds. 63 (8), 2879-2894. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org DOI:10.1099/ijs.0.044750-0, Radonjić S, Hrnčić S, Kosovac A, Krstić O, Mitrović M, Jović J, Toševski I, 2016. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 142(4), 759-770. http://rd.springer.com/journal/10658 doi: 10.1007/s10658-015-0649-0. 94 (11), 1374. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-06-10-0439, Gajardo A, Fiore N, Prodan S, Paltrinieri S, Botti S, Pino A M, Zamorano A, Montealegre J, Bertaccini A, 2009. by Stevenson WR, Loria R, Franc GD, Weingartner DP]. First report of a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' isolate affecting Sophora alopecuroides in Iran. Maize redness - demystifying the causal agent of one of the most destructive diseases of maize. In almost all varieties of Vitis vinifera L., 'Ca. Riedle-Bauer, M., Sára, A., Regner, F., 2008. Based on unique molecular and biological features, they have been classified into 40 species within the provisional genus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ (International Research Programme for Comparative Mycoplasmology Phytoplasma\Spiroplasma Working Team - Phytoplasma Taxonomy Group, 2004; Marcone, 2014); moreover, taxonomic groupings have been delimited according to the similarity coefficients derived from the comparison of collective restriction profiles of the 16S rRNA gene sequence digested with a selected pool of endonucleases (Lee et al., 1998; Wei et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2009). Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg, Rebe und Wein, Obstbau und Früchteverwertung. Terlizzi F, Babini A R, Credi R, 2006. Zaslita bilja, 2, 49-58. Grapevine yellows induced by phytoplasmas. Vončina D, Cvjetković B, 2007. Gugerli, P., Cazelles, O., Genini, M., Emery, S., Colombi, L., 2002. Journal of Phytopathology. First report of a "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani" related strain associated with a disease of Datura stramonium in Greece. Several native plants as reservoirs and many hemipteran species as vectors contribute to rapid and wide expansion in the field. Phytoplasmas are prokaryotic plant pathogens that colonize the sieve elements of their host plant, causing severe alterations in phloem function and impairment of assimilate translocation. 99 (2), 283. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-08-14-0875-PDN, Josic D, Starovic M, Stojanovic S, Popovic T, Dolovac N, Zdravkovic J, Pavlovic S, 2013. First report of stolbur phytoplasma infecting celery in Serbia. DOI:10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.6.697A, Chuche J, Danet J L, Rivoal J B, Arricau-Bouvery N, Thiéry D, 2018. Bulletin of Insectology. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, also known as stolbur phytoplasma, affects a wide range of wild and cultivated plants including grape (Maixner, 2011), corn (Jović et al., 2009), and solanaceous hosts (EPPO, n.d.). Recent studies have added new, interesting information on ‘Ca. Bulletin of Insectology, 60(2), 153-154. http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/, Salem, N. M., Quaglino, F., Abdeen, A., Casati, P., Bulgari, D., Alma, A., Bianco, P. A., 2013. Phytoplasma solani' cannot be distinguished from infections by other phytoplasmas associated with GY (e.g., flavescence dorée). The overall ratio of the non-synonymous to the synonymous mutations (dN/dS) was >1.0 for vmp1 (dN/dS = 4.567; P = 0.000) and stamp (dN/dS = 2.436; P = 0.008), indicating a high number of non-silent (dN) mutations. Etudes cytologiques et ultrastructurales. Panjan M, 1950. First report of stolbur phytoplasma (16SrXII-A) on strawberry in Northern Italy. Contaldo, N., Soufi, Z., Bertaccini, A., 2011. Cultivated and wild plantain (Plantago major) as a host of Stolbur phytoplasma in Serbia. The use of herbicides and/or insecticides to control reservoir hosts or vectors of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani" is also associated with the tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) yellows disease in China.[3]. A few years later, similar symptoms were observed in vineyards of the Mosel and Rhine valleys in Germany, where S. titanus did not occur. Many different strains of ‘Ca. “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” genome project and genetic diversity in the Euro-Mediterranean basin. Genetic diversity in the stolbur phytoplasma group. Host range and genetic characterization of a phytoplasma causing tomato stolbur disease in Turkey. Phytoplasma solani’ is not thought to be transmitted in the true seed of any of its hosts, but it can be transmitted by vegetative propagation of infected host plants (EFSA Panel on Plant Health, 2014). Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Firrao et al. Identification of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' associated with tree peony yellows disease in China. Phytoplasma solani’ on grapevine is the loss of production due to berry shrivel, the economic impact of the disease, especially on susceptible varieties, is significant. Phytoplasma detection in corn with reddening in Italy. The use of herbicides against weeds acting as reservoirs (bindweed and stinging nettles) is under evaluation, and the use of insecticides against the vectors has also been studied. Plant Disease, 97(3):420. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis, Josic, D., Pavlovic, S., Pivic, R., Kuzmanovic, S., Stojanovic, S., Popovic, T., Starovic, M., 2012. Plant Disease. Hyalesthes obsoletus, the main insect vector of Ca. 7 (5), 310-313. Minucci C, Boccardo G, 1997. Maize redness is also associated with abnormal ear development and reduced seed numbers, leading to yield reduction. P. convolvuli' associated with grapevine bois noir and bindweed yellows, respectively, in Georgia. Neonicotinoid insecticides, applied in early spring, gave protection levels comparable to those of  herbicide treatments. Phytoplasma solani’, has a European origin and is ubiquitous in the European countries. Geographical distribution of Bois Noir phytoplasmas infecting grapevines in Croatia. Where normal sprouts arise, symptoms are first apparent about 60-80 days after sowing, as a yellowing and rolling of the leaves. Phytoplasma solani’ strains share an intra-species sequence similarity remarkably and consistently greater than the inter-species similarity between ‘Ca. DOI:10.1094/PD-90-0831A, Trkulja N, Ivanović Ž, Dolovac E P, Dolovac N, Živković S, Jović J, Mitrović M, 2011. (Polymorphisme des microorganismes de type mycoplasme rencontrés dans les tubes criblés de lavandins “Abrial” atteints de “Dépérissement jaune). Crop Protection, 28(10), 898-904. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02612194 doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2009.05.008, Olivier, C. Y., Lowery, D. T., Stobbs, L. W., 2009. Triplex real-time PCR assay for sensitive and simultaneous detection of grapevine phytoplasmas of the 16SrV and 16SrXII-A groups with an endogenous analytical control. 255-261. http://www.actahort.org. Adventitious roots sometimes appear on the stem. Gugerli P, Cazelles O, Genini M, Emery S, Colombi L, 2002. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 84(24), e01507-18. Horticultural Science, 40(2), 83-87. http://agriculturejournals.cz/web/hortsci.htm. It is thought likely that it has always been present, at least in its European range, but has only been noticed in recent years. scolymus (globe artichoke), Echium vulgare ((common) viper's-bugloss), Euonymus japonicus (Japanese spindle tree), Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush), Helminthotheca echioides (bristly oxtongue), Oenothera biennis (common evening primrose), Silene latifolia subsp. Phytoplasma solani’ based on nested PCR for the amplification of universal or group-specific phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene and on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the amplicons using appropriate restriction enzymes for determining subgroup affiliation (Lee et al., 1998). Molecular characterization of phytoplasmas associated with potato purple top disease in Iran. For example, the nettle (Urtica dioica) allows the development of both ‘Ca. In Europe and in the Mediterranean basin, ‘Ca. Candidatus Phytoplasma solani; grapevine yellows symptoms on Vitis vinifera. Based on phylogenetic analysis of concatenated nucleotide sequences of the genes vmp1 and stamp (available for 76 ‘Ca. Proteomes (3) Format. Plant Disease. 88 (8), 906. http://www.apsnet.org DOI:10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.8.906A. Trials conducted to control nettle growth with glyphosate or other herbicides significantly reduced the density of emerging adult vectors. Wallingford, UK: CABI. 98 (7), 991. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-12-13-1220-PDN, Girsova N, Bottner K D, Mozhaeva K A, Kastalyeva T B, Owens R A, Lee I M, 2008. New Disease Reports. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75(9), 2951-2957. http://aem.asm.org doi: 10.1128/AEM.02613-08. The black wood of grapevine disease is classified as part of the grapevine yellows. Diversity among mycoplasma-like organisms inducing grapevine yellows in France. Unlike their phylogenetically related species from the genus Mycoplasma, which are human and animal pathogens, phytoplasmas are plant pathogens transmitted by phloem-feeding insects. 100 (12), 2522. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-06-16-0781-PDN. First report of a stolbur phytoplasma associated with witches' broom of Japanese spindle (Euonymus japonicus). Plant Disease. 124 (3), 521-526. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=100265 DOI:10.1007/s10658-008-9424-9, Bobev S G, Jonghe K de, Maes M, 2013. Journal of Phytopathology. Duduk B, Bertaccini A, 2006. Phytoplasma solani’ and can play a role in its diffusion (Marchi et al., 2015; Mori et al., 2015). First report of stolbur phytoplasma associated with Anethum graveolens in Serbia. Le Progres agricole et viticole, Hors Serie (Extended abstract of the 16th Meeting ICVG, Dijion, France, 31 August-4 September 2009), 208-209, Kosovac A, Jakovljevic M, Krstic O, Cvrkovic T, Mitrovic M, Tosevski I, Jovic J, 2014. Phytoplasma solani’ and H. obsoletus, while the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) can be affected by the pathogen but not constitute a host plant of the vector (Johannesen et al., 2008). Özdemİr N, Saygİlİ H, Sahİn F, Karsavuran Y, Bayrak O F, Oral B, 2009. 90 (6), 831. However, the use of herbicides and/or insecticides can have negative effects on non-target arthropods (e.g. In: Plant Pathology Journal, 29 (4) 465-470. (Crvenilo kukuruza - demistificiran uzročnik jedne od najdestruktivnijih bolesti kukuruza.). The molecular epidemiology of bois noir grapevine yellows caused by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' in the Republic of Macedonia. Adult H. obsoletus can feed on grapevines occasionally and so transmit the pathogen, but do not do so often enough to be likely to pick it up from the plant; grapevines and other crops are not a suitable food source for nymphs, which acquire the pathogen when they feed over the winter on the roots of a limited number of wild host species (including nettles, bindweed and Vitex agnus-castus). 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' genotypes associated with potato stolbur in Serbia and the role of Hyalesthes obsoletus and Reptalus panzeri (Hemiptera, Cixiidae) as natural vectors. After several growth cycles, the plants become completely brown and dry (Boudon-Padieu and Cousin, 1999). B., Stackebrandt, E., 1994. Bulletin of Insectology, 64(Supplement), S81-S82. First report of group 16SrXII phytoplasma causing stolbur disease in potato plants in the eastern and southern Anatolia Regions of Turkey. Journal of Plant Pathology, 86(3), 257-261. Journal of Phytopathology. Journal of Plant Protection Research. In France, lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lavandin (L. latifolia x L. angustifolia) were found in 1970 to be affected by a yellows-type decline, named “dépérissement jaune” (Cousin et al., 1970). Növényvédelem. (Maladie du bois noir de la vigne en Suisse romande et au Tessin.). Preliminary note on the big bud disease of tomato in the neighbourhood of Rome. (Contribution à l'étude des jaunisses de la vigne dans le monde. 98 (8), 1151. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-01-14-0026-PDN, Quaglino F, Zhao Yan, Casati P, Bulgari D, Bianco P A, Wei Wei, Davis R E, 2013. Grapevine yellows in Italy: past, present and future. There is conflicting evidence for its transmission in potato tubers (Rich, 1983; Slack, 2001; Paltrinieri and Bertaccini, 2007). Sémétey O, Gaudin J, Danet JL, Salar P, Theil S, Fontaine M, Krausz M, Chaisse E, Eveillard S, Verdin E, Foissac X, 2018. Multiple gene analyses identify distinct "bois noir" phytoplasma genotypes in the Republic of Macedonia. The most widespread phytoplasmas, vectors and measures for disease control in Slovenia. Bulletin of Insectology. The availability in the NCBI database of the 16S rRNA gene sequences allowed the development of universal PCR assays for the detection of all known phytoplasmas and of phytoplasma-specific PCR protocols for the targeted identification of the pathogens associated with different diseases, including ‘Ca. Phytoplasmas and phytoplasma diseases: a severe threat to agriculture. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie d'Agriculture de France. Ozdemir, N., Saygili, H., Sahin, F., Karsavuran, Y., Bayrak, O. F., Oral, B., 2009. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, Vitis, 53(2), 103-109. http://www.vitis-vea.de, Mori, N., Quaglino, F., Tessari, F., Pozzebon, A., Bulgari, D., Casati, P., Bianco, P. A., 2015. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. Phytoma-Espana, 68: 40-44, Belli, G., Bianco, P. A., Conti, M., 2010. Plant Disease, 94(11), 1374. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis doi: 10.1094/PDIS-06-10-0439, Fabre, A., Danet, J. L., Foissac, X., 2011. honeybees) (EFSA Panel on Plant Health, 2014; Mori et al., 2014), as well as human health (in particular farmers) and biodiversity. Hodgetts J, Flint L J, Daly M, Harju V A, Skelton A L, Fox A, 2015. Journal of Plant Pathology, 87(2), 101-107. First report of a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' related strain associated with a potato reddening disease in Greece. 156 (1), 8-14. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007.01311.x, Josic D, Pavlovic S, Pivic R, Kuzmanovic S, Stojanovic S, Popovic T, Starovic M, 2012. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 49(3), 1275-1285. Glasilo Biljne Zaštite. Zwei nicht-kultivierbare und ausschließ- lich durch Vektoren übertragbare Erreger, ein Proteobak- terium („Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus“) sowie ein Phytoplasma (“Candidatus Phytoplasma solani“) können SBR hervorrufen. Bois noir, a disease of the grapevine yellows complex, is associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' and transmitted to grapevines in open fields by the cixiids Hyalesthes obsoletus and Reptalus panzeri. Acta Horticulturae. ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ is endemic in Europe and infects a wide range of weeds and cultivated plants. Vitis, 43(4), 191-199. First report of phytoplasma infections in fruit trees and grapevine in Albania. Candidatus . Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 126(3), 217-227. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/eea doi: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2007.00655.x, Josic D, Starovic M, Kojic S, Pivic R, Stanojkovic-Sebic A, Zdravkovic M, Pavlovic S, 2015. P. solani’ in Japan. P. solani’ strains based on mutations at nucleotide positions 43, 469, 488, 747, 875, 971, and 1219 from the annealing site of the primer F2n (Quaglino et al., 2017). Its symptoms were indistinguishable from those of Flavescence dorée (FD) but, because it was spreading more slowly, it was considered a non-epidemic form of FD. First report on natural infection of Paeonia tenuifolia by 'Candidatus phytoplasma solani' in Serbia. Molecular analyses, based on PCR amplification and further nucleotide sequence characterization carried out through RFLP profile comparison and/or sequence identity calculation, allow specific identification of 'Ca. In diseased plants, they are restricted to the phloem sieve tubes; they are transmitted between plants by phloem-sap-feeding leafhoppers, planthoppers or psyllids (Weintraub and Beanland, 2006). 75 (9), 2951-2957. http://aem.asm.org DOI:10.1128/AEM.02613-08, Contaldo N, Soufi Z, Bertaccini A, 2011. According to IRPCM guidelines (International Research Programme for Comparative Mycoplasmology Phytoplasma\Spiroplasma Working Team - Phytoplasma Taxonomy Group, 2004), phytoplasmas sharing >97.5% 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence similarity can be described as separate species if they are clearly distinguished by evident molecular diversity and ecological niche. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry summers), Continental climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. In parallel, a yellows-type disease of grapevine, named "bois noir" (BN) was first reported in 1961 in vineyards of north-eastern France. In vine-growing areas where the population density of these vectors is low within the vineyard, the occurrence of bois noir implies the existence of alternative vectors. P. solani’-related strains (Quaglino et al., 2013). DOI:10.1094/PD-72-0268E, Riedle-Bauer M, Sára A, Regner F, 2008. First report of maize redness disease in Hungary. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(2), 284-288. http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR/abstracts/abstracts/abstracts2012/16Jan/Josic%20et%20al.htm, Jovic, J., Cvrkovic, T., Mitrovic, M., Krnjajic, S., Petrovic, A., Redinbaugh, M. G., Pratt, R. C., Hogenhout, S. A., Toševski, I., 2009. Phytoplasma’ species within group 16SrXII possess distinct biological properties. DOI:10.1007/s10340-017-0885-5. First report of group 16SrXII-A phytoplasma causing stolbur disease in Saponaria officinalis plants in Serbia. Phytoplasmas are cell-wall-less plant pathogenic bacteria of the class Mollicutes, with a small genome size which ranges from 530 to 1350 kilobases (Marcone, 2014). [Abstract], Canik D, Topkaya X, Bayram S, Soylemezoglu G, Ertunc F, 2011. A phytoplasma was observed by electron microscopy and identified as ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, based on homology searches and molecular phylogeny using nucleotide sequences of 16S rDNA. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 153(1), 183-195. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10658-018-1553-1, Kosovac, A., Radonjic, S., Hrncic, S., Krstic, O., Toševski, I., Jovic, J., 2016. First report of maize redness disease in Hungary. (Sztolbur fitoplazma kimutatása magyarországi szőlőkben található Cixiidae fajokból.). P. solani’ are leaf reddening, abnormal ear development, and reduction of seed size. In: Le Progres agricole et viticole, Hors Serie (Extended abstract of the 16th Meeting ICVG, Dijion, France, 31 August-4 September 2009), 208-209. Crepis foetida L. - new host plant of Cixiid planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret 1865 (Hemiptera: Cixiidae), vector of stolbur phytoplasma. (Identificacion del fitoplasma asociado al Bois Noir de la vina en Espana). "Ca. First report of 16SrXII-A subgroup phytoplasma (stolbur) associated with reddening of Oenothera biennis in Serbia. Phytoplasma solani’ can be recognized by ad hoc inspection methods, carried out in the field (agro-system) and based on the observation of typical symptoms. The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. Phytoplasma solani’. Stolbur phytoplasma transmission to maize by Reptalus panzeri and the disease cycle of maize redness in Serbia. DOI:10.1094/ PHYTO-99-9-1053. Bianco, P. A., Casati, P., Marziliano, N., 2004. Moreover, 'Ca. 156 (11/12), 687-690. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119879241/HTMLSTART DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2008.01416.x, Sabaté J, Laviña A, Batlle A, 2014. Three main natural ecologies have been described: (1) the host system bindweed - H. obsoletus - crop, related to type tuf-b strains; (2) the host system nettle - H. obsoletus - crop, related to type tuf-a; and (3) the host system Calystegia sepium - H. obsoletus - crop, related to type tuf-c (Langer and Maixner, 2004). Sawayanagi, T., Horikoshi, N., Kanehira, T., Shinohara, M., Bertaccini, A., Cousin, M. T., Hiruki, C., Namba, S., 1999. From one year to another the effect of phytoplasmas on tomato crops can be very varied. Phytoplasmas classified in the 16S rRNA gene RFLP group 16SrXII infect a wide range of wild and cultivated plants worldwide and are transmitted by polyphagous planthoppers of the family Cixiidae. 'Stolbur'-a new Potato disease in Israel. As H. obsoletus becomes infected during its larval stage, and its larval development is not possible on annual species, it cannot acquire ‘Ca. European Journal of Plant Pathology. Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas, 21(3), 417-423. Thus, based on visual symptom observation, grapevine infection by 'Ca. HTTP://www.apsnet.org doi: 10.1094/PDIS-92-4-0654A. Based on Quaglino et al. 31: 221-230. Cimerman, A., Pacifico, D., Salar, P., Marzachì, C., Foissac, X., 2009. Plant Disease, 98(6):841. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis, Alfaro-Fernández, A., Cebrián, M. del C., Villaescusa, F. J., Font-San-Ambrosio, M. I., 2011. Ciccarone, A., 1949. Annals of Applied Biology, 147(2), 191-201. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/servlet/useragent?func=showIssues&code=aab doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.00030.x, Gao Ying, Qiu PingPing, Liu WenHao, Su WenMin, Gai ShuPeng, Liang YuanCun, Zhu XiaoPing, 2013. Tomato stolbur virus: a new record. First report of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' associated with potato stolbur disease in Montenegro. 72 (3), 268. The main symptoms in lavender infected by ‘Ca. Bulletin of Insectology, 66(2), 245-250. http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/, Mori, N., Pavan, F., Maixner, M., 2014. New Disease Reports, 31:5. http://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=031005, Holeva MC, Glynos PE, Karafla CD, Koutsioumari EM, Simoglou KB, Eleftheriadis E, 2014. 86 (1), 76-79. First report on molecular detection of a stolbur phytoplasma (Group16SrXII-A) associated with kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in India. Phytopathology. Journal of Phytopathology. PQR database. Allerdings handelt es sich bei Kartoffeln um andere Phytoplasmen (Candidatus Phytoplasma solani) und um andere Zikaden als in der Rübe. Detection of phytoplasmas in plantlets grown from different batches of seed-potatoes. First report of corn reddening caused by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' in Bulgaria. First report of group 16SrXII phytoplasma associated with papaya yellows in Taiwan. Phytoplasma’ genus have thus far been formally described within group 16SrXII: (i) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’, infecting the grapevine and other plant hosts in Australia and New Zealand; (ii) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma japonicum’, infecting the Japanese hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) in Japan; and (iii) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma fragariae’, infecting the strawberry in Europe (Quaglino et al., 2013; Sawayanagi et al., 1999). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5(12), 1763-1788. http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=46299 doi: 10.4236/ajps.2014.512191. Phytoplasma solani’ strains), 49 vmp1/stamp sequence variants were grouped in five vmp1/stamp clusters. Daire, X., Clair, D., Larrue, J., Boudon-Padieu, E., Caudwell, A., 1993. Phytoplasma solani’, which is only incidentally transmitted by H. obsoletus from other host plants to the crop during its feeding probing (Weintraub and Beanland 2006), although recent research indicates that H. obsoletus can compete its life cycle on lavender (Séméty et al., 2018). Journal of Plant Pathology, 98(1), 184. http://www.sipav.org/main/jpp/index.php/jpp/article/view/3496, Delic, D., Martini, M., Ermacora, P., Carraro, L., Myrta, A., 2006. Following these first reports, BN spread to many countries in the Euro-Mediterranean area and some in other continents, where it is responsible for serious crop losses (Gajardo et al., 2009; Belli et al., 2010). For example, based on RsaI-RFLP analyses of vmp1 gene amplicons, ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ to new regions is related to the dispersal of its vectors and to the trade in cultivated host plants (e.g., symptomless seedlings). 139 (1), 185-193. http://rd.springer.com/journal/10658 DOI:10.1007/s10658-014-0378-9, Sakalieva D, Paltrinieri S, Calari A, Bertaccini A, 2007. First report of grapevine "bois noir" disease and a new phytoplasma infecting solanaceous plants in Lebanon. It is usually detected in leaves, where typical disease symptoms are seen. Paltrinieri, S., Bertaccini, A., 2007. Chung N, Jeong Ml, Choi SK, Joa JH, Choi KS, Choi IM, 2013. Symptoms of lavender decline are yellowing and either standing up or rolling down of the leaves, and reduction and abortion of inflorescences (Boudon-Padieu and Cousin 1999). Canadian Entomologist, 141(5), 425-462. http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/rpv?hm=HInit&calyLang=eng&journal=ent&volume=141&afpf=n08-CPA02.pdf doi: 10.4039/n08-CPA02. Corn with symptoms of reddening: new host of stolbur phytoplasma. Phytoplasma solani’ in the Mediterranean area (Murolo and Romanazzi, 2015). > 0°C, wet all year, Continental climate with dry summer (Warm average temp. Several weeds, such as Chenopodium album and Malva sylvestris, host 'Ca. Control of Hyalesthes obsoletus nymphs based on chemical weeding and insecticides applied on Urtica dioica. Acs, Z., Jovic, J., Ember, I., Cvrkovic, T., Nagy, Z., Talaber, C., Gergely, L., Toševski, I., Kölber, M., 2011. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. Plant Disease, 98(4):565. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis, Adamovic D, Djalovic I, Mitrovic P, Kojic S, Starovic M, Purar B, Josic D, 2014b. 2013). Various protocols were therefore devised for the reliable identification of ‘Ca. Glasilo Biljne Zaštite, 7(5), 310-313. Mirchenari SM, Massah A, Zirak L, 2015. European Journal of Plant Pathology. Phytoplasma solani’ is not thought to be transmitted in the true seed of any of its hosts. First report of stolbur phytoplasma associated with maize redness disease of maize in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Lee IngMing, Gundersen-Rindal, D. E., Davis, R. E., Bartoszyk, I. M., 1998. Plant Disease. Prevalence and distribution of peach yellow leaf roll in north of Iran. HTTP://www.apsnet.org doi: 10.1094/PD-90-1313, Duduk, B., Tian JanBao, Contaldo, N., Fan XinPing, Paltrinieri, S., Chen QiuFang, Zhao QiFeng, Bertaccini, A., 2010. , in Georgia Karsavuran Y, Bayrak O F, 2011 by reddening of Oenothera biennis in.... Taxon has not previously been published of Tropical Plant diseases, new York/London, USA/UK: Academic,! '' du lavandin: nouvelle maladie a mycoplasmes ). ). )..! Cases death and 16SrXII phytoplasmas associated with tree peony yellows disease vector obsoletus! European Union it is usually detected in leaves, where typical disease symptoms officinalis in! 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