In wet ground, drainage trenches should be dug 3 feet wide at the top, 4 feet deep, 1 foot 1 palm wide at the bottom. 4. After levelling, ants will not attack it and, when it rains, mud will not form. Food per year for a pair of oxen. Make a vine nursery, or restore an existing one. 140. This will soon effect a cure. Spread the salt in the base of the vat or jar, then place a ham with the skin facing downwards. With a gimlet make a hole in the stock. La Lingua di Catone. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1932. If it will not go deep enough, knock in with a small hammer or mallet, and be careful not to split the bark as you knock it. Pour off the water. Plant wild asparagus crowns there too: reeds and asparagus go together in the digging, in the burning and because one shades the other meanwhile. If you plant them in planting holes or trenches, place them in threes and spread them apart. Bought at Pompeii, complete with accessories, HS 384; transport, HS 280; best assembled and adjusted on site, for which allow HS 60: grand total HS 724. Then plant the olives. It should have four handles at the top, so that it can be carried. catone, de agri cultura, e varrone, de rustica, XV sec., pluteo 51.2.JPG Marcus Cato was an important public figure, and his life is well known. If a snake has bitten an ox or any other quadruped, grind an acetabulum of love-in-a-mist (the one that physicians call zmurnaeum) into a hemina of old wine. Fill the latter, then stop the pipe. Translated by J. C. Rolfe (Loeb classical library). - Cato’s earliest surviving work of Latin literature, about the cultivation of vines, olives, fruit, and the management of slaves. Pull up; dig round so that you can pull the roots easily without breaking them. Caton, Les Origines (fragments) ed. Coat likewise. Do the same with the second bunch, and then the third. 22. Agricultura e Pecuária.pdf. Your shoots should be two feet long. If you take this, you will have the use of all your joints. When you are to present, you do so thus: �Festive Jove, my household brings a culigna of wine to the Feast, as is proper in your domestic worship. Cut poplar, elm and oak boughs at the same time and store them, not too dry, as fodder for sheep; the late hay and the grain stalks, too, but these you must store dry. In chalk and mud and red earth and in watery ground, it is best to sow emmer. De Agri Cultura: This text comes from an unknown edition. 92. You must check the figures for money and grain, check what is set aside for fodder, check the wine and oil figures -- what is already sold, and the income from this, what is still to be produced, and what it will fetch -- agree the difference and take charge of the agreed sum. Millstones 3 feet 3 fingers high, 1 foot 2 fingers thick. It is time enough for the young vine to be cut back when it is strong. Download Tratado de agricultura. Brehaut. [Greek; 1st century ad, with later additions.] If there are frosts when you are harvesting olives, make oil two or three days after: add salt to these olives, if you wish. Next day, chop a head of Levant garlic in a hemina of wine, to be drunk complete. 3 vols. Put in a preserving-jar: the oil should cover them. How to farm a field? He must reward good behaviour, so that others will want to do well. Think how often there are storms and the crop is knocked off the trees: if you gather quickly and the equipment is ready, the storm will have caused no loss and the oil will be greener and better, but if the crop lies too long on the earth or in the loft, it spoils, and the oil you make will be rancid. When you come to the farm buildings, check that there are plenty of presses and vats (remember that the lack of them means a lack of produce) but not too much farm equipment. Nothing will purge so well, not even hellebore or scammony, and safely too: you must know that it is healthy for the body. When it has cooled, bottle the whole. 118. Sort it and break it down as you shift it. Wine from lees is made as follows. J. M. Frayn, Subsistence farming in Roman Italy. Cambridge, Mass., 1917-25. Add crumbled dung, hoe in and break down the sods. 102. Meanwhile chant every day, huat haut haut istasis tarsis ardannabou dannaustra (another text has huat hauat huat ista pista sista dannabou dannaustra). Be sure to have a big manure heap. A property, like a man, may bring money in, yet be so wasteful that little is left. De agri cultura est liber de agri colendi arte disserens, a Catone maiore anno circiter 150 a.C.n. Timber that produces no seed is ripe when it sheds its bark. For this purpose, have at hand two Campanian olive straining bags. The press-beam is best made from black hornbeam. If you are to put oil in a new jar, rinse it first with amurca just as it comes, raw; shake very thoroughly so that it soaks in. Latin, 1st century bc.] If you have no stone, spread with green willow rods placed crosswise. If you want to drink a lot and eat copiously at a party, eat as much cabbage as you want, raw, dressed with vinegar, before dining. Plough it. Latin encyclopaedic work. Allow to come to the boil two or three times. 35. If they get green stuff to eat, they will always want it. When the press workers are using levers, the decanter must continually dip oil with a dipper as carefully as possible, and not stop, and be careful not to take up any amurca. Pick olives when black. Latin, 1st century ad.] per culleus. Length when twisted, 49 feet. De agri cultura. How green olives are conserved. Begin to prune the olive orchard 15 days before the equinox. For our ancestors considered, and so ordained in their laws, that, while the thief If you wish in addition to drink Coan Wine mixed with water, you may. Sow turnip, field rape and radish in a well-manured field or a fat field. Ready to use. 100% (2) 100% consideraram este documento útil (2 votos) 921 visualizações 36 páginas. Liber ortus est ex peritia ipsius Catonis qui adulescens agricola fuit antequam factus est vir peritus rei publicae, imperator, et orator clarus. Make six slots in each windlass, the first one half a foot from the tenon, the remainder spaced as equally as you can. [Known only in fragments, cited from Malcovati (q.v.).] So that figs will keep their early fruit. When it is cooked, remove it and coat in honey. London: Routledge, 1996. How to in Graphics is like a totorial in wallpaper or images When grapes are ripe and are harvested, first be sure that enough is kept by for the household and the owner�s people. Es wurde etwa 150 v. Chr. Ration them, so that they last as long as possible. In spring decant into amphoras. De Agricultura cato.indb 1 10/8/10 12:58:46. Fill the pot or basket with earth, firm it down well, and leave it on the tree. Three years after sowing, burn at the beginning of spring. �Under these terms a lamb is counted as produce if it lives a day and a night. He must not perform rites at cross-roads or hearth, except Compitalia, unless instructed by the owner. Antiphanes. A market garden, especially if it is all that one has, must be planted for maximum productivity. Cut ripe withy canes and willow at the right time, so that you have enough to make carrying-baskets and mend old ones. If you do this, the jar will not soak up oil, the oil will be better and the jar itself stronger. It does you good, permits no disease to remain in the body, and does the bowels good. Also the lowest stones, once cooked, will collapse, and the fire will begin to give less smoke. If there was any disease present internally, cabbage will cure all, remove all sicknesses from the head and the eyes and cure them. The vessel you use must be fully sealed. Take care that the stones do not graze the mortar. Seal and cover in the same way as the others. For those who are troubled by colic, cabbage should be steeped in water. Various translations. It costs nothing, and even if it did you should try it for the sake of health. After 3 or 4 years, pick the asparagus from the root. A. E. Astin, Cato the Censor. 25. [Author on farming, probably from Roman Bithynia, quoted in the Geoponica.] Do not leave them in the sun more than four years. lb. CATO On Farming Preface Trading can sometimes bring success, but it is insecure; so can money-lending, but that is not respectable. Into another vessel pour 1 quadrantal pure water with 1 peck salt, and allow to form brine. The press rope requires 8 good fresh local skins, well curried, with as little salt as possible. Fields that are dry and not weedy, open and not shaded: sow durum wheat there. 81. Take it in the morning before eating. Whenever necessary this will cure anyone who is weak: take cabbage as just described. Sow reeds as follows: Arrange the �eyes� 3 feet apart. Begin to chant, motas vaeta daries dardares astataries dissunapiter (another text has motas vaeta daries dardaries asiadarides una petes), while the two pieces are brought together. Make them slightly concave, so that they will retain water. 82. The vine to be trained as high as possible and tied straight but not too tight. Weed frequently: as soon as the weeds begin to grow, take them out, because if you pull up tough weeds you will pull up the cypresses as well. 64. Cambridge, Mass., 1927. In that first year cover with straw in winter so that it is not scorched. Wine supplied will not be vinegary or musty. Petronius, Satiricon. Cover them all in the same way. When all the veins are blown up with food they cannot breathe through the body, and that gives rise to illness. Retrieved from ” https: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Take oil first into one tub, then into a second, and keep removing residue and amurca from these tubs. -- washing and pitching vats, cleaning farm buildings, shifting grain, shovelling dung, making a dung-heap, threshing grain, mending ropes and making new ones; the slaves could have been patching their own cloaks and hoods. P. Arthur, Romans in northern Campania. Eupolemus. When turned over, make beds, in such a way that you can hoe and pull up weeds on either side without treading on them. Sieve the debris from the olive stones, put in a tank, add water, turn over well with a shovel. Oxford, 1988. The crushing mill is to be adjusted as follows. If oxen become ill, administer at once one raw hen�s egg, to be eaten whole. In case of dislocation this spell will cure it. If you cannot sell firewood and sticks and have no stone to make lime, make charcoal with your wood. Cart it out in autumn. After 30 days, open and use. The press workers want them to be in the loft as long as possible, to soften, which makes their work easier. Make another hole at the one-culleus level. If you add resin, use 3 lb., finely broken down, to 1 culleus must. So that it will have a good bouquet, do as follows. If your kiln has a single door, make a large cavity inside to hold the ash, so that it does not have to be cleared, and design the kiln carefully, making sure that the hearth extends across the whole bottom of the kiln. Translated by M. L. West (World�s classics). flour and 2 lb. Put all together in a new saucepan, add powdered gypsum till it reaches the consistency of a plaster. Harmondsworth, 1979. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. [110] Odorem deteriorem demere vino. Black cancer gives off a smell and a foul slime; the white is purulent but fistulous and suppurates under the flesh. The oxen will be better-kept physically and will be free of disease. M. PORCIVS CATO CENSOR (234 – 149 B.C.) When you give out a tunic or coat, take back the old, to make patchwork cloaks. Hicesius. Pour 20 quadrantals must into a bronze or lead vessel and light a fire underneath. Make beds each 4 feet wide. When the vine is two years old, cut it back. Present a culigna of wine, as much as you wish, to Festive Jove. CATO ON FARMING De Agricultura a modern translation with commentary by Andrew Dalby prospect books 2010 cato.indb 3 10/8/10 12:58:46. Leave covered 15 days before sealing: allow to breathe; then seal. 109. 97. Store amurca. I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license:. If the motions are too frequent, take two spoonfuls of fine flour, crumble into water and drink a little, and they will stop. When you insert the cutting, firm it down with the foot. 113. J. H. Charlesworth (London, 1983-5) vol. Press the berries by hand, so that they will soak up the sea water. Pick off any spoilt berries. When it has done so continue the treatment for an equal number of days to heal up the roots of the polyp completely. Cato s-a născut la Tusculum în Latium în 234 î.C. HOME   AGLIBRARY CATALOG   TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION. Modern studies and editions cited in abridged form André, Alimentation. Id vinum erit lene et suave et bono colore et bene odoratum. Manufacture of sea water. The gatherers want there to be as many windfalls as possible, so that they gather more. It is a practical handbook dealing with the cultivation of grape vines and olives and the grazing of livestock, but… 117. The thicker the border, the more information. 39. Rome, 2nd century ad.] For a child take dram of each and 1 hemina wine; adjust to age. If you give the same treatment to trees that do fruit, they too will improve; but do not give them straw. When you wish to use, take with dry hands. Dry meadow must be given up when the pear begins to blossom; irrigated meadow when neighbours, above and below, begin to irrigate. When you have fitted the dowels, fix them with dogwood nails. Offer a strues to Janus thus: �Father Janus, as I offer you this strues, I pray with good prayers that you be ready and favourable to me and my children, to my house and household.�, �Jove, as I offer you this fertum, I pray with good prayers that you be ready and favourable to me and my children, to my house and household, accepting this fertum.�, �Father Janus, since in offering you a strues I prayed well with good prayers, therefore accept this offertory wine.�, �Jove, accept this fertum, accept this offertory wine.�. Figs and olives by another method. salt, add, stir with a stick till a boiled hen�s egg will float in it: then stop stirring. 16 feet at right angle from the �trees� to the nearest of the posts. When dissolved, add to the vat. [Latin poet, c. 100 ad.] Paris, 1970. 160. Of all these ingredients listed only one, whichever, has the power to move the bowels! If necessary, add grape syrup, boiled down from first-flow must, to the [regular] must. Place 1 lb. For coating the lips of vats so that they will be sweet-smelling and so that the wine does not spoil. Yoke ropes for a cart, 18 feet; shaft rope, 15 feet. Take care not to plough carious land: drive neither cart nor herd on it. She must not visit women neighbours, or any other women, more than absolutely necessary, or invite them to the house or to her own quarters. Arthur, Romans. The language of these is clearly traditional, somewhat more archaic than that of the remainder of the text, and has been studied by Calvert Watkins. 29. Remove into a linen bag, and express about 1 pint of juice into an earthenware mug. See my copyright page for details and contact information. First manure the ground thoroughly with goat or sheep dung, then turn with a spade, mixing the earth with the manure thoroughly. Astin, Cato. If a boy or girl has a sore of this kind, again, add barley flour. Give this to the patient to eat, without bread if possible; if not, allow bread, with this dish as relish, but nothing else. On the pillars] place a 23 foot cross-beam, 1 feet thick, or substitute a pair for a solid one: over these cross-beams, place the horizontal beams on top of the �trees� and the posts. 24. If the farmhouse is struck by lightning, a respectable person is to be asked to adjudicate. They should have muzzles, so that they do not browse when ploughing. Allow to soak well. The press-workers who make the oil must all swear to the owner or representative that neither they, nor anyone by their connivance, has stolen oil or olives. The bars should be a foot apart: if you make them so, the oxen will not toss their fodder out. Cato cel Bătrân (latină Marcus Porcius Cato sau Cato maior; n. 234 î.Hr., Tusculum[*] , Italia – d. 149 î.Hr., Roma, Roma Antică) om de stat, scriitor și istoric, care a jucat un rol important în perioada cea mai strălucitoare a Republicii romane. The Feast may be performed as follows. Take special care never to trim or fell timber, or to touch it if you can help, unless it is dry and not icy or dewy. E. F. Leon, �Cato�s cakes� in Classical journal vol. Repeat the whole process and make more starch. If you ignore this, where you drive you will lose three years� harvests. 45. Wine in the vats should be offered on these terms. When you decide to mix them in, use quickly. Use to mend vats. Cambridge, Mass., 1938-63. Then crumble as finely as possible into the hot amurca, while stirring with the stick, and boil again in the open air (because, if you boil indoors, when bitumen and sulphur are added it will catch fire). Wherefore I have ordered Pig, Sheep and Ox to be driven all around my land and farm, so that you will prevent, ward off and avert sicknesses seen and unseen, childlessness and fruitlessness, disaster and storm; so that you will permit fruits, grains, vines and saplings to flourish and come to fruition; so that you will keep safe shepherds and flocks and give good heart and health to me, our house and household. If you want dried figs to keep whole, conserve them in an earthenware vessel and coat it with boiled-down amurca. 28. Numerous translations. 41. emmer groats in water. Dig the earth thoroughly, drench well with amurca and allow it to soak in as much as possible. Livy, From the Foundation of the City. When they have soaked sufficiently they are drained, put into vinegar, and oil is added. Therefore accept the presentation of this Feast of ours.� Wash your hands, and take the wine. In making the kiln, make the furnace as steep-sided as possible. 10th century ad.] When you have taken it from the sea, put it in a vat; do not fill it: it must be 5 quadrantals short of full. Translated by H. B. Ash and W. D. Hooper (with Cato, On Farming) (Loeb classical library). It is most profitable for the owner if oil is made from ripe olives. Translated by H. L. Jones (Loeb classical library). Have a second and a third sowing of fodder. 2nd ed. Plant Greek willows around the reed bed, then you will have something to tie the vines to the reeds with! Read online PDF Cato: On Farming - De Agricultura Books Cato’s earliest surviving work of Latin literature, about the cultivation of vines, olives, fruit, and the management of slaves. Cato's second century BCE De Agricultura is our earliest complete Latin prose text, recommends farming for its security and profitability, and advises on management of labor and resources. Olive cuttings that you are to plant out should be trimmed to 3 feet. Chrysippus of Tyana, Bread-making. Tie together into bundles, and submerge in amurca, ensuring that they are completely covered. 107. Flatten this earth down with a board or with the feet. �Those in the press room should use clean vessels and take care that the olives are well prepared and well dried. If there was rainy weather, what work could have been done while it rained? It must thrive from its own excellence and from its good location: if possible, it should be at the root of a mountain, south-facing, in a healthy position. Tarentine cypress seed can be collected in spring; the wood, when the barley turns yellow. 100. If on any of these days the wine is not available to be tasted through delay caused by the owner, an equal number of added days will be accorded to the buyer. Relish for the household. 93. bread-wheat flour to make the base; 4 lb. Payment due: within 10 months from the Calends of November. Plough first the grounds that are driest: those that are fattest and wettest plough last, so long as they do not begin to harden. Pliny the Younger, Letters. Normal leather cart rope, 60 feet; half-rope, 45 feet. This description of a ritual to be performed for the health of cattle does not include an suggestions for appropriate words to be spoken, but simply describes the offering itself. Leon, �Cato�s cakes�. If all the offerings are unpromising, say it thus: �� Father Mars, if anything dissatisfies you in that suckling Pig, Sheep and Ox, I offer you this Pig, Sheep and Ox in expiation.�. de la agricultura en las orientaciones para la acción a escala nacional 12 4. Be sure that trees are well married, and that vines are planted in sufficient numbers: where appropriate, detach vines entirely from the tree, layer to the ground, and separate from the stock two years later. Also apply, ground, with honey, to any wounds old or recent. Then, when it stops raining, the tiles can be adjusted. Between pivot and lip, 1 foot. Grind cabbage for illnesses of this kind. Those that you wish to plant more carefully can be planted in pots. On the third day take down, rub all over with a mixture of oil and vinegar and hang in the meat store. bread in winter; when they begin to dig the vineyard, 5 lb., until there begin to be figs; then revert to 4 lb. Workers are to be provided to the approval of the owner or overseer or buyer of the oil. 63. Move the bowels as follows. Chamada de "agricultura moderna" ou de mercado, nesse tipo de atividade pratica-se a monocultura (cultivo de um tipo de alimento). If six sets of equipment are needed they are to be used. The aim is that they take root while on the tree. Largest crushing mills, 4 feet wide. It will stop boiling. [Greek comedy playwright, 4th century bc, known only from fragments.] The master has to be a selling man, not a buying man. De Agri Cultura , written by Cato the Elder, is the oldest surviving work of Latin prose. And after that �? Palladius, On Farming. Must cakes to be made thus: two gallons of bread-wheat flour to be moistened with must; add to this anise, cumin, 2 lb. Make the axle 10 feet long, as thick as the axle-boxes require. 7. Where you plant cypress seed, turn the ground with a spade: plant at the beginning of spring. He must ensure that he knows all the work of the farm, and must do it himself often, but not so much as to tire himself out. (Or fix a date agreed on both sides.) Thirty days after the vintage, once the vats are clear of marc, seal them. If you order a new farmhouse built from the ground up, the craftsman is to complete all walls as specified, mortar and rubble, corners in squared stone; all necessary woodwork, thresholds, doorposts, lintels, beams, rafters. She must not go out to meals or be a wanderer. If you want to purge by vomiting, take 4 lb. He must not cheat the grain-field, for that brings bad luck. Greek Wine can be made as follows. You must inspect the animals, and you must sell at auction: sell oil when it will pay; sell surplus wine and grain; sell aging oxen, runty calves, runty sheep; sell wool, hides, an old cart, old iron tools, an old slave, a sickly slave, and anything else surplus. In the fourth month, half a pint a day, i.e. Then spread manure thoroughly over the beds. While the buyer is in occupation, pasture for two draught oxen and one gelding is reserved to the owner. Apply cabbage to a suppurating scab. First-press and cut-round must to be divided among the vats equally. When cooked remove them, coat in honey, roll in poppy-seeds, serve. honey, 1 egg. When all the cheese is properly dried out, in a clean mixing bowl knead it with the hands, breaking it down as much as possible. After 7 to 9 years, when it is getting old, split up, and turn over and manure the soil thoroughly where you intend to plant; then make channels in which to plant the asparagus roots. If you make it in this way, ants will not damage it and weeds will not grow. If you want your cabbage chopped, washed, dried, sprinkled with salt or vinegar, there is nothing healthier. Tree suckers that grow from the ground should be layered to the ground and turned up at the extremity so that they can take root. Lower the tile slowly to the bottom of the vat and leave two days, with the vat sealed. Cabbage twice a day, i.e new vines as early as possible and tied straight but not in any.. Top with salt you will have something to tie the vines tended as follows: turn ground... 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