Local factors such as land-based pollution caused by coastal development and agriculture, unsustainable fishing practices and an increasing number of invasive, coral-damaging species play a key role as well.Â. The truth is: there are many different PEG compounds and they do not all act the same way. Topical application of appropriate cosmetic formulations containing the skin’s own coenzyme Q10 verifiably replenishes the skin's Q10 depot. Approximately one quarter of all ocean species depend on reefs. I have been moving over to using strictly Nivea products because I find them to be both the best at what they do and the best value. Tolerated extremely well, NIVEA Creme is suitable for all skin types, even sensitive skin. NIVEA haircare formulas wash out easily and let your hair shine in all its glory. The results: both the European Commission and the independent U.S. evaluative commission (Cosmetic Ingredient Review / CIR) agree that parabens are safe. 400 liters of sweet almond oil. The patented NIVEA formula is using the knowledge, that our skin contains sufficient moisture in … EMOLLIENTS, Emollients, e.g. This way, we can offer you the best of both worlds: reliable protection against UVA and UVB rays in sunscreen that is easier to apply than one which contains only mineral UV filters, that feels good on your skin and that is water resistant (nevertheless: Never forget to re-apply after taking a dip!). What’s more: as soon as aluminum chlorohydrate comes in contact with sweat, it is turned into aluminum hydroxide, a solid and insoluble substance that cannot penetrate the skin barrier and enter the body. True to our belief we are using only the ingredients needed in a responsible and restrictive manner. Silicones are the “smoothifiers” of the cosmetics world: without them, face creams and lotions would be tougher and less pleasant to the touch. Like a shining armor, they reflect UV rays before they can damage the skin and the DNA of skin cells. This supports the energy metabolism of skin cells and reduces the number of free radicals. The conclusion is: parabens are versatile, effective and safe to use, causing little to no allergic reactions. Does your skin feel greasy after applying a lotion? Nivea Lotion for Normal Skin Storage Type. Home Skin Body Lotions & CreamsNivea Express Hydration Body Lotion. We use and collect cookies to improve and personalize your experience on our website. Octinoxate has been eliminated from all European NIVEA sun protection products as early as 2016. Sodium Hydroxide or Citric Acid, are used to adjust the pH value of our formulas. Parabens keep your cosmetic products fresh so you can safely use them. Panthenol, for example, is a B-Vitamin the body is not able to produce itself and is known to support the skin‘s regeneration and to improve its moisturization. Sunscreen protects skin against harmful UV radiation thanks to UV filters. According to recent studies that investigated on corals under laboratory conditions, specific UV-filters – primarily oxybenzone (benzophenone-3) and octinoxate (ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate) – are suspected to accelerate coral bleaching. Thus, they do not enter the body and pose no threat to your health. But does BHT harm our planet? But so called UVA and UVB rays in sunlight can also have negative effects on our skin. RHEOLOGICAL MODIFIERS, Rheological modifiers, e.g. This is why we keep looking into other, equally safe and gentle preservative options. Some consumer protection organizations have repeatedly claimed that nanomaterials – of which nanopigments are a part – may pass through the skin into the body and cause damage. Aluminum chlorohydrate occurs naturally and can also be produced industrially.Â. Research into UV filters and their environmental impact is still in its early stages, however, and has so far mainly been conducted in laboratories. Silicones are safe to use with foods – maybe you own a silicone spatula or other cookware made of silicone. And the oil also contains 20-30 percent linoleic acid, a substance that occurs naturally in the human skin. However, fragrances are usually mixtures of synthetic and natural ingredients. Nivea Express Hydration Body Lotion is enriched with sea minerals and Hydra IQ, which repair dry skin. Hydra IQ is a patented moisturization technology that penetrates your skin to impart aquaporins for regulating skin moisture and preventing water loss. UVA-induced free radical stress can lead to allergies and skin ageing: about 80% of wrinkles are caused by UVA light! As all other mixtures of substances, also fragrances may sensitize the skin as they contain many different ingredients. Our own NIVEA expert team also confirms that parabens are safe for humans, which is why we still use them in some products. The formula with Sea Minerals supplies you with moisture – all day long. Nivea Express Hydration Body Lotion (125ml) Rated 4.50 out of 5 based on 2 customer ratings (3 customer reviews) ৳ 210.00. Despite being made of chemical ingredients, this particular product has no side effects what so ever. NIVEA Express Hydration Body Lotion is enriched with sea minerals and Hydra IQ, which work deep within the skin, repairing your dry skin layer by layer to make it soft and supple. BHT has a long history of safe use, and not just in cosmetic products. The World Health Organization did an in-depth examination that found BHT to be suitable for use in food. They act as a mineral UV filter helping to protect you against immediate effects like sunburn as well as long-term hazards like skin cancer, helping to keep your skin healthy and naturally beautiful. In liquid deodorants, they ensure that the active antiperspirant ingredients are distributed evenly and nothing gets lumpy. The assessment concluded that BHT poses no significant risk to the environment. How NIVEA uses BHT. skin care brand*. Silicone oils in lotions and creams make sure that the product is a delight to apply and give your skin a silky smooth touch. Sea Minerals in an ultra-light formula are quickly absorbed leaving your skin immediately soft and supple, and delicately enwrapped in a blue-lotus scent. We have never used oxybenzone in our European NIVEA sunscreen products as this UV filter does not meet the high standards we set for our sunscreens. Because of their high energy levels, UVB rays can directly damage DNA which in the worst case can lead to skin cancer. Our fragrances are carefully composed of natural and synthetic ingredients. The silicones in shampoos, conditioners or other products that get rinsed out go down the drain and end up in the waste water. NIVEA could prove that Creatine readily enters the skin from our formulas and thus can help to keep a higher level of this skin’s own substance.Â, NIVEA uses creatine in combination with other ingredients like co-enzyme Q10 in our Q10 Plus range but also in other products whenever the skin condition requires this kind of energy source.Â. NIVEA Express Hydration Body Lotion provides your normal to dry skin with the moisture and care it needs and deserves. Goodbye Cellulitis: Declaring War on Unsightly Indentations. It became a global success and made NIVEA the world’s No1. Foods like meat, eggs, fish, nuts, potatoes, broccoli, and spinach are good sources of Q10. The concentration of BHT in NIVEA products, in contrast, is very, very low. The ingredients listed correspond to the current state of production. They can withstand very high temperatures, do not react easily with other substances, and are skinfriendly. The new fast absorbing NIVEA Express Hydration Body Lotion instantly delivers all the moisture needed to unveil long-lasting soft and supple skin. NIVEA uses aluminum chlorohydrate in antiperspirants as one of the most effective active ingredients against sweat production. You can withdraw your consent at any time with future effect. Infused with our Deep Moisture Serum, and Sea Minerals, the lotion delivers deep moisture that lasts up to 48 hours without making skin feel greasy. Not only is it an effective emulsifier, but also a key ingredient of our iconic NIVEA Creme. There have been claims that PEG compounds may pass through the skin into the body and carry other, potentially harmful ingredients with them. External factors like cold weather, exposure to the sun, can be harsh for the skin and cause water loss, but this body lotion keeps your skin hydrated, moisturized and completely nourished. Sisältää merimineraaleja ja NIVEAn syväkosteuttavaa seerumia, jonka koostumus sitoo kosteutta syvällä ihossa tehden ihosta huomattavasti pehmeän 48 tunnissa. A few products which still contain parabens are some face creams, sunscreens and body lotions. 1 sun care brand*. Take our classic NIVEA cream: its oily formula keeps it fresh without preservatives. However, products that contain only mineral UV filters are less easy to spread on the skin than products that contain organic UV filters only or in which combinations of organic and mineral UV filters are used. Further info: Privacy Policy. Some compounds actually do make the skin more permeable – and they’re supposed to, because they are used in medicinal salves. Fragrance ingredients are natural or synthetic perfumes that can be used individually but are usually combined with others to form a specific fragrance. Skin compatibility is dermatologically approved. Tip: Use immediately after towel drying your skin to enhance absorption. NIVEA Express Hydration Body Lotion provides your normal to dry skin with the moisture and care it needs and deserves. Applied to the skin, they reflect and scatter UV rays and help to protect the skin against sunburn, premature aging, and skin cancer. In fact, they are the most researched preservatives of all. Ancient Chinese, Greco-Persian and Ayurvedic schools of medicine used sweet almond oils. That’s how titanium dioxide nanopigments work. Every fragrance is a characteristic blend of different substances and scents – the average fragrance contains 30-50 fragrance ingredients. It is possible that authorities may access the data. Since we regularly adjust our formulations to incorporate new scientific findings, the declaration of ingredients specified on the package applies in each case. There are also other factors that lower the Q10 level, including stress, certain drugs, and UV radiation. Check out Nivea Express Hydration Body Lotion reviews, ratings, price, benefits, how to use process & more information here and buy online. Fragrances make cosmetics (and many other products) smell good and distinctive: They impart pleasant odor, mask the smell of some effective but not nice smelling ingredients, enhance the experience of using the product and help us to express our individuality. If a cosmetics product contains any of these substances above certain limits, they must be declared on the packaging. We only use perfumes that exhibit no relevant allergy potential and take great care to monitor the fragrances in our products. We take up aluminum with our daily diet. The European Cosmetics regulation lists 26 substances associated with allergic reactions. Sodium Carbomer. A substance that does this is called an “endocrine disruptor”. Have you ever wondered about the difference between antiperspirants and deodorants? Even if you apply your antiperspirant directly after shaving your skin will not absorb higher levels of aluminum. That’s why you should take good care and use sunscreen when you’re exposed to the sun.Â. NIVEA Creme was state of the art over 100 years ago and still is an icon today. Aluminum-free deodorant or antiperspirant with aluminum chlorohydrate: the choice is yours. We continuously conduct studies and extensive research to further evolve our Q10 products, adding compatible partner ingredients like creatine or the potent antioxidant vitamin C depending on the skin condition the product is designed for. As they are almost insoluble in water and non-toxic we can conclude that they do not pose a risk to the environment. As emollients, PEG compounds soften and moisturize the skin. How NIVEA uses sweet almond oil, NIVEA uses cold-pressed, refined sweet almond oil in a wide range of our skin care products. It is used in foods, medicine and cosmetics to help products keep fresh and last longer. For NIVEA, Eucerit is doubly special. There are studies that have found BHT to have endocrine effects, but those studies bore little resemblance to reality. NIVEA Express Hydration Body Lotion -vartaloemulsio kosteuttaa ihoa tehokkaasti ja pitkäkestoisesti 48 tunnin ajan. We also offer silicone-free shampoos and conditioners to leave the choice up to you. Whether these ingredients are natural, derived from natural sources, or synthetic makes little difference. Discover NIVEA Aloe Express Hydration Body Lotion, our latest body lotion to provide soothing care to dry skin! Many early emulsifiers only keep oil and water together as long as the temperature doesn’t change. So it’s even safe to eat! On the contrary: they protect you against skin cell damage and skin cancer. They consist of tiny particles that form kind of a shield when you apply the sunscreen. The lotion is as it states, absorbs quickly and doesn’t leave … Besides organic filters, there are also mineral (or in other words - physical) UV filters. NIVEA Express Hydration Body Lotion is enriched with sea minerals and Hydra IQ, which work deep within the skin, repairing your dry skin layer by layer to make it soft and supple. Many ingredients would become rancid if they reacted with the oxygen in the environment. Apart from the above mentioned ingredients, it also contains other chemical elements. UVB rays penetrate the upper layer of the skin and are responsible for painful sunburn. It is used as active ingredient in antiperspirants. and is today the world's no. The NIVEA® Express Hydration Body Lotion is infused with the NIVEA Deep Moisture Serum and Sea Minerals The ultra-light formula absorbs in seconds and leaves your skin feeling smooth, soft and deeply* moisturised for 48h - after just 1 application Deep Moisture Serum The formula locks in deep* moisture & gives noticeably smoother skin for 48h Sweet almond oil is cold-pressed from ripe almond kernels – the sweet, peeled fruit of the almond tree – and then refined. NIVEA has selected a well-balanced combination of UV filters for each respective product addressing different usage situations and needs. The NANODERM study also found that the tiny particles do not pass into the deeper skin layers. How to use: •Step 1 - … Hydra IQ is a patented moisturization technology that penetrates your skin to impart aquaporins for regulating skin moisture and preventing water loss. In the 1990s, we were the first to introduce Q10 skincare to the mass market – and we have been evolving the formulation ever since. How NIVEA protects your skin against sun damage. In a way, Eucerit is the bedrock of modern cosmetics and of the entire NIVEA brand. USA). Yet oxygen is also powerfully reactive and causes many other substances to oxidize. True to our belief we are using only the ingredients needed in a responsible and restrictive manner. Titanium dioxide nanopigments are used in cosmetics as mineral (or physical) UV filter. POWDERS, Powders, e.g. This is why the European Commission and the American Cosmetic Ingredient Review have both concluded that parabens do not impact our health.Â. UV-FILTERS. We want to be in tune with the times and work with the latest findings to successfully drive more sustainable innovations: Therefore we are intensively exchanging with scientists, sustainability experts and our suppliers to help us improve and ensure the environmental compatibility of our NIVEA sunscreen products. When we use it, the concentrations are very low – lower than in many foods, actually! Moisturizers, e.g. Natural scent compounds are derived from plants (e.g. Quick Absorption - The light formula gets quickly absorbed into your skin. Solvents are liquids used to dissolve the solid components in the formula. Aqua, Paraffinum Liquidum, Isopropyl Palmitate, Glycerin, Cetearyl Alcohol, Glyceryl Stearate Citrate, Dimethicone, Maris Sal, Glyceryl Glucoside, Sodium Hydroxide, Carbomer, Methylparaben, Propylparaben, Phenoxyethanol, Perfume, We use and collect cookies to improve and personalize your experience on our website. It is possible that authorities may access the data. Hydra IQ is an active ingredient technology that is able to stimulate the skin`s moisture network, activating hydration immediately for non-stop 24-hour moisturisation. This disclosure helps you to avoid ingredients you may be sensitized to. Sun Protection, Aftersun and Self-Tanning; in retail value terms, 2018 data, NIVEA is committed to reduce any negative impact on the environment, including coral reefs – one of the most diverse marine ecosystems. As emulsifiers, they make sure that oil and water mix and form nice, smooth creams and lotions. Without parabens, many cosmetic products - especially those containing water - would spoil soon after you’ve opened them. Sold Out. BHT has been used around the world in cosmetic products for decades and has proven safe and highly tolerable – there has been no indication that it may cause allergies, either. FILM FORMERS, Film formers, e.g. The new fast absorbing NIVEA Express Hydration Body Lotion instantly delivers all the moisture needed to unveil long-lasting soft and supple skin. Silicones are chemical compounds that are uniquely smooth and fluid. Return To. 48h fast absorbing deep* moisture care and noticeably smoother skin: NIVEA Express Hydration body lotion. NIVEA Express Hydration Body Lotion has a light feeling formula that repairs 8 signs of dry skin. This so-called restriction list for fragrances applies to every one of our fragrance suppliers. NIVEA Express Hydration Body Lotion provides your normal to dry skin with the moisture and care it needs and deserves. Over the decades, parabens have been intensely researched. Some people have raised concerns that parabens may accumulate in our bodies and affect our hormones or general wellbeing in the long run. NIVEA Express Hydration Body Lotion provides your normal to dry skin with the moisture and care it needs and deserves. Sun rays give us a beautiful glow and stimulate the skin’s vitamin D production, which is particularly important for bone stability and our health in general. This - in addition to their great fluidity - makes them skin compatible and ideal for use in cosmetics. Both effective and highly tolerable, parabens have been used to preserve cosmetics, household products, medicine, and foods for more than 80 years. To ensure reliable sun protection and the most pleasant experience on each usage occasion, NIVEA offers sunscreen products with either organic UV filters only, or with a combination of mineral and organic UV filters. When we use it, the concentrations are very low – lower than in many foods, actually! Two studies conducted with human volunteers examined the ability of aluminum chlorohydrate to penetrate through the skin: both studies showed consistently, that only 0.01 percent of the aluminum quantity applied entered the body. NIVEA Express Hydration Body Lotion provides your normal to dry skin with the moisture and care it needs and deserves. Q10 is the body’s power booster. NIVEA® Express Hydration Body Lotion provides long lasting moisture in a lightweight formula that is fast absorbing. Oils and fats get rancid when they oxidize. As silicone oils, they lend skincare products their pleasant texture and make them easy to apply. Most cosmetics products are composed of oily and watery parts. The Maximum Hydration Nourishing Lotion for men is a perfect example. They allow perfume oils to dissolve in water-based products. This is where BHT comes in. We carefully monitor further regulatory developments as well as scientific research on cyclic silicones to review and prepare our measures to continuously evolve our products and provide the best possible performance for the consumer as well as for the environment. Further info: Privacy Policy. Its light fomula is infused with NIVEA Deep Care Serum and Aloe Vera, and is immediately absorbed into the skin, leaving it feeling refreshed. The golden oil with its mild, sweetly nutty aroma has been used in medicine and skin care for many centuries.  Very small traces of BHT may also be found in other perfumed products. While fragrances are very tolerable for most people, it is estimated that 1- 2 percent of the population shows allergic responses to certain fragrance ingredients. Nivea Express Hydration Body Lotion is enriched with sea minerals and Hydra IQ, which repair dry skin. Nanopigments of this substance are tiny particles – a million times smaller than a grain of sand. It provides effective skin care, and guards the skin from drying out. At this point, parabens are the safest and gentlest preservatives we can use. UV rays are reflected by this shield so they cannot harm your skin. Layer it on, just after a bath or just before you step out of the house, the fragrance and effect of the body lotion will be with you all day long. What’s so special about sweet almond oil? Paraffinum Liquidum. They make sure that skin care products, especially those containing a lot of water, stay fresh over a long period of time by acting against germs and fungi. Some of these multi-taskers also have a cleansing effect. Item Number 80301 (803010992497) Not only do they perform a wide range of functions, they are also very skin-friendly and not known to trigger allergies.Â. Silicones are very stable and therefore do not degrade easily. One of the most common means of protection is to apply sunscreen products. Creatine is an organic compound produced in the liver, kidney, and pancreas. Most of our bodies’ energy is generated with the help of this coenzyme. 48h fast absorbing deep* moisture care and noticeably smoother skin: NIVEA Express Hydration body lotion. PROPELLANTS, Propellants, e.g. It plays a key part in our organs’ energy supply, acting like a battery that binds, transports and releases energy. The patented NIVEA formula uses the knowledge that our skin contains sufficient moisture in … EMULSIFIERS, NIVEA Sun products use emulsifiers, e.g. NIVEA® Express Hydration Body Lotion provides long lasting moisture in a lightweight formula that is fast absorbing. Rust, for example, is the result of iron oxidation. Distarch Phosphate or Silica, help absorb oil on the skin, which leads to a pleasant skin feeling. Manufacturer Address. In fact, it was the discovery of Eucerit in the early 20th century that allowed the NIVEA Creme inventors Oscar Troplowitz, Dr. Paul Gerson Unna and Isaac Lifschütz to create their snow-white, stable skin cream. In line with our principle not to put anything in our products that doesn’t have to be there, we use fragrances in a very controlled manner. Fragrance is used to create NIVEA’s iconic and beloved scent to awaken the emotion of a beautiful sunny day at the beach. Butane, Isobutane or Propane, help the formula to be expelled from the packaging. Methoxydibenzoylmethane (organic UVA filter) and Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid (organic UVB filter), absorb them. Our NIVEA sunscreen products contain UV filters which are essential to help you protect your skin against the adverse effects of sunlight. The ultra-light formula is perfect for normal skin. Therefore, NIVEA uses titanium dioxide in combination with organic (or chemical) UV filters in some of its sunscreen products. Download Shajgoj App … To make sure that every fragrance we use is safe and stable, we have created a special list which defines maximum quantities for certain fragrance ingredients and which provides other binding requirements to ensure quality and safety of all our fragrances, going far beyond existing legal requirements. Found naturally in your skin, creatine acts as an energy reservoir.Â, As we grow older, our bodies’ creatine production slows down. Sea Minerals in an ultra-light formula are quickly absorbed leaving your skin immediately soft and supple, and delicately enwrapped in a blue-lotus scent. Still, many people are worried that aluminum in antiperspirants may be absorbed through the skin and elevate the aluminum levels in the body. Making them blend into a smooth, creamy and stable texture is one of the greatest challenges in the world of cosmetics. UVA rays penetrate the skin more deeply. There is therefore no scientific clarity as yet on the extent to which UV filters impact coral reefs and the wider marine environment under real life conditions. * Source: Euromonitor International Limited; NIVEA by umbrella brand name in the categories Body Care, Face Care and Hand Care; in retail value terms, 2018. NIVEA only uses UV filters which have been considered safe for consumers and the environment by the appropriate regulatory agencies. BHT protects these ingredients against oxidation and makes them last longer. The sun’s rays promote the production of the happiness hormone serotonin, so the sun makes us happy. The great thing about silicones is that they are not only highly multi-talented, but also safe and skin-friendly. One of the first things you notice about any cosmetics product is their unique smell. NIVEA Express Hydration Body Lotion is fast absorbing and provides long-lasting skin conditioning and hydration for normal to dry skin. Some people claim that BHT can pass through the skin and interfere with the human hormone system. What’s more (or less, as it were): cosmetics contain a clearly lower concentration of BHT than foods. Deodorants merely prevent bad odors when you sweat while antiperspirants actually prevent sweating. Aluminum is the third most common element in the earth’s crust. These cyclic silicones (namely D5 and D6) should not be confused with the majority of other silicones which do not fall in this group and are considered safe to the environment as they neither bioaccumulate nor are toxic to living things according to current knowledge. Sea Minerals in an ultra-light formula are quickly absorbed leaving your skin immediately soft and supple, and delicately enwrapped in a blue-lotus scent. This way, you sweat less so there will be no wet spots on your clothes and no unpleasant body odor. But we want our products to be safe and good for everybody, including people with paraben intolerance. It doesn’t, according to a recent study of the Australian National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS). A naturally derived substance, Eucerit is derived from wool wax. The patented NIVEA formula uses the knowledge that our skin contains sufficient moisture in its deeper layers. Others don’t cross the skin barrier. Whether the PEG compounds affect skin permeability also depends on their concentration and the other ingredients used in the product formula. essential oils) and/or other natural sources while synthetic ones are created in the lab. NIVEA only uses parabens in about 20 percent of our products - up to 80 percent are paraben-free. What remains of the kernels is a sort of almond bran that is used in peelings and masks for face and body.Â. PRESERVATIVES, Preservatives prevent or retard microbial growth thus protect sun protection products from spoilage. Depending on the composition, they can have, for example, a calming or energizing effect. The patented NIVEA formula uses the knowledge that our skin contains sufficient moisture in … Q10 is also a potent antioxidant that fights free radicals, highly reactive molecules that damage cells on many levels, including cell DNA, proteins, and lipids. Using an antiperspirant under normal conditions of use, can therefore be considered safe. However, it remains unclear whether this is a cause or an effect of the disease. BHT makes some of our creams and lotions, lip care, shaving gels, and shower oils last longer. in USA and Canada consider these cyclic silicones as safe. Infused with our Deep Moisture Serum, and Sea Minerals, the lotion delivers deep moisture that lasts up to 48 hours without making skin feel greasy. Many comprehensive studies come to the conclusion that these ingredients do not penetrate the skin barrier when you apply sunscreen. Glycerin, are ingredients used in cosmetic products to retard moisture loss. *Source: Euromonitor International Limited; NIVEA in the category Sun Care, incl. Now imagine this coat of armor made of countless shields so tiny that they are individually invisible (while building in millions a smooth white coat on your skin). 48h fast absorbing deep* moisture care and noticeably smoother skin: NIVEA Express Hydration body lotion. All of our baby products are also paraben-free. There have been concerns that aluminum may increase the risk of breast cancer and neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s. Instead, they use antibacterial agents to stop the growth of bacteria that cause body odor. For each new formula, there is an extensive testing period during which we make sure that it does not irritate, cause allergies, or have any other undesired effects. Ingredients: Nivea Express Hydration Body Lotion is made up of the following ingredients – Aqua. We are assessing our portfolio of ingredients for their possible effects on the environment. Even more so than some natural oils! BHT is an antioxidant used in foods and cosmetics. The silicones used in cosmetics are silicone oils: clear, odorless liquids that lend lotions, creams, and other products their smooth, silky texture. NIVEA uses fragrances in most of our products. •With natural Sea Minerals and Hydra IQ moisturising technology, this ultra light formula: •Absorbs almost instantly leaving hands soft and fresh •Activates the skin's natural hydration process with regular use for long-lasting softness Suitable for normal to dry skin on the hands. We also keep the concentration levels low enough to ensure safe use. USA).