Kobayashi, Audrey. Thus, if you are not sure content located It depopulated significant swaths of land, which then reverted to disease-infested swamps. Today, geographers hold that one critical piece of the puzzle of the rise of the West is colonialism. This was most famously done at the 1884 Berlin Conference, when the major European powers drew up a map allocating colonial control of Africa, disregarding any native ethnic or political boundaries as well as natural features (Chamberlain 1999). At the time of colonization, Europe was much more densely populated than the Americas. The term Neo-colonialism is used to refer to __________. C. Give two examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale. 1. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Colonialism and the rise of capitalism. Rights verus rites: when it comes to the lives of women around the globe, do local traditions ever trump human rights? Economic historians calculate that the emergence of Europe as the core of the world economy occurred relatively late in history -- possibly as late as 1850. This is the regularly scheduled date for the AP Human Geography Exam. It emphasized maintaining a favorable balance of trade and the accumulation of precious metals. Britain's mills could now buy cotton from its colonies in India and Egypt, as well as slave-grown cotton from the southern US, turn it into cloth, and make a profit selling that cloth around the world, including in the cotton-producing colonies. Europe had two key advantages that enabled colonial powers such as Spain, Portugal, Britain, and France to take over large swaths of the Americas. AP Human Geography : Colonialism & Imperialism Study concepts, example questions & explanations for AP Human Geography. ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age. Consider the impact of colonialism on the world’s cultural geography. 3. The colony is usually the recipient of colonists from the colonizing country, not the other way around. This theory too has been discredited, as no evidence exists to support it. New York: Oxford University Press. "The West" is a vague term roughly corresponding with the developed world or global North, excluding Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea. The formation of some of the early trans-regional economic linkages can be dated to as early as 3000 BCE, when the Sumerians living in what is now Iraq traded with Egypt and the Harappan civilization in what is now Pakistan (Frank and Gills 1992). The international borders of African countries are a legacy of colonialism. 2. So as Europeans pushed into the heart of the Americas, they found tribes already devastated by disease and "wilderness" that had only recently been abandoned. STUDY. The volcanoes of Lemnos, an island in the Mediterranean, and Mount Etna, on the island of Sicily, were believed to be the forges of Hephaestus, the Greek god of fire. Acquisition of deadly diseases from animals continues today, with recent concerns over bird flu and swine flu. 2001. In the past, slaves had been captives from war or children sold off by impoverished parents. 1997. In Rwanda, for example, the sharp (and allegedly racial) divide between Hutus and Tutsis, and the privileging of the Tutsis that formed the basis of Hutu resentment, were created by the Germans and Belgians during their rule (Mamdani 2001). The geography and climate of the Mediterranean region, for example, directly influenced Greek mythology. The end of formal colonialism is usually dated to the mid-1800s for the Western Hemisphere, and the mid-1900s for the Eastern. AP Human Geography: Exam Prep Final Free Practice Test Instructions Choose your answer to the question and click 'Continue' to see how you did. 1993. And if the white race is not biologically distinct from other races, then we can’t explain the economic growth of Europe on the basis of biological characteristics. For any given disease, human genetic variation will produce people with a variety of levels of susceptibility to the disease. My Geography teacher has started an experiment which involves me writing about what I have learnt in my lessons and about any geographical news that interests me. An identification of the copyright claimed to have been infringed; Advanced Placement Human Geography (also known as AP Human Geo, AP Geography, APHG, AP HuGe, AP HuG, AP Human, or HGAP) is an Advanced Placement social studies course that studies human geography.The test is administered by College Board.. New international division of labor. on or linked-to by the Website infringes your copyright, you should consider first contacting an attorney. Comfort, Susan. London: Longman. Extracting resources from the Americas got Europe into the economic game, making it more competitive and richer, and giving it the ability to become an important middleman in intra-Asian trade as well as trading directly for Asian goods. China's economy ran on a silver standard, and so economic growth created an enormous hunger for silver. But by the late 1400s, the world economy was on its way back. India fell first. It was Europe that stumbled upon them simply because Europe was located much closer to the Americas than China or India were. As late as 1793, the Chinese Emperor Ch'ien Lung bragged to King George III of England: "I set no value on objects strange and ingenious and have no use for your country's manufactures" (Frank 1998). Write. 1. Slave traders naturally preferred able-bodied young men and women, who were the productive backbone of pre-slave-trade African economies. The Americas, on the other hand, had huge untapped deposits of silver. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 1998. The Treaty of Tordesillas primarily concerns the division of __________ between two colonial powers. Britain also established a free-market doctrine that undercut India's social support programs (Davis 2001). 6. Instead, food was distributed by the international market, flowing to whoever could pay the most for it. The attempt by one country to impose political control over another country is called __________. Explain the degree to which globalization can explain the loss of indigenous languages in Africa since the 1970s. Conquest, De-population, and Re-population [link]. The correct answer is the opposite of what is typically expected in colonialism. Krech, S. 1999. Test. Over time, only the genes conferring high resistance to the disease will be left. AP Human Geography Exam. Voyages 2009. University of Washington-Seattle Campus... University of South Florida-Main Campus, Current Undergrad, International Studies. In one sense, colonization reduced conflict among colonized populations, as the colonizer's military power imposed peace, e.g. Between 1492 and 1900, over 10 million men and women were taken from Africa to the Americas (Voyages 2009). Semiperipheral areas often aspire to become the core, in order to reap the rewards of long-distance trade. And disease spread quicker than European explorers and conquerors. Society and Natural Resources 21 (7): 569-582. We will discuss environmental determinism in detail later. The American Prospect, April 28. But economic historians have also identified long-lasting waves of economic growth and decline, lasting several hundred years. Rocheleau, D. 1995. A review on the different types of diffusion with review questions. We can think of World Systems Theory as making several core propositions (Frank 1998, Chase-Dunn and Hall 1997): 1. As discussed earlier, the world economy goes through cyclical ups and downs. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. A huge variety of theories have been proposed to explain why certain countries have come to dominate the world economy. Rise and Demise: Comparing World-Systems. But eventually, the system becomes too rigid and overexploits its resources, and there is a downswing (Chew 2001). This anti-colonial nationalism then became a justification for clinging to harmful traditions (such as female circumcision) as a form of resistance to colonialism (Goldberg 2009). AP Human Geography: Political Geography Vocabulary. Other portions of the system, called the periphery, experience a loss of wealth due to their participation in the system. Watts, M. 1983. European trade with Asia was further hampered by a lack of easy trade routes to the East. Start studying AP Human Geography Unit 4 (Political Human Geography- Imperialism | Colonialism | Decolonization) Review. An economic recession in the mid-1700s created an opportunity for the British East India company to move in and take over, uniting the various empires and principalities into a colony encompassing what are now the nations of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (Frank 1998). Human Development Index. Europe had benefited from being connected to the large Afro-Eurasian landmass, giving it access to the technological ingenuity of a large population of people, and creating competition that drove those people to devise new technologies for projecting power over new lands. In the 1950s, part of a wider global movement away from imperialism and political colonization, the countries that made up Indochina gained their independence. Included a large amount of ethnic and cultural groups Why are Empires not States? 2020 AP Test Changes Due to COVID-19. They told themselves it was their task to bring civilization to the backwards peoples of the world -- a task labeled "the white man's burden" by British author Rudyard Kipling. This is a sample of Part one of my AP Human Geography: Unit 4 slideshow. Created by. (Unfortunately for the Wampanoags' strategic calculations, the English soon turned against all of New England's native people). Beaujard, Philippe. And it undermined African economies. Typically, there is a mass migration of people from the colonizing country into the colony. Colonial Riches and the Asian Trade [link]. This distinction remains important to this day, even since independence, because it represents a cultural and linguistic distinction. In his first assault on the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, Hernán Cortéz's forces -- armed with guns, swords, steel armor, and war horses -- were defeated by the Aztecs. Cieza de Leon, Pedro. Eventually, the stage is set for a renewal of growth. Learn. Rights verus rites: when it comes to the lives of women around the globe, do local traditions ever trump human rights? The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. Indochina, often called French Indochina, was a colonial possession of the French Empire until the decolonization period that followed World War II. Among the diseases causing significant epidemics were "smallpox, chickenpox, influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, common cold, pneumonia, scarlet fever, whooping cough, diphtheria, typhus, dysentery, cholera, bubonic plague, malaria, and amoebic dysentery" (Krech 1999). C. Identify and explain TWO examples that show how globalization is contributing to English becoming the world’s lingua franca. We're familiar with short-term economic ups and downs, which last perhaps a few years at a time. The colonies' external trade was controlled by the ruling power (so they couldn't trade with China themselves), and they were often forbidden from developing their own manufacturing base to compete with the mother country. The University of Texas at Dallas, Bachelor in Arts, International Political Economy. For a disease to persist in a population, it needs to strike a balance between being too virulent and not virulent enough (Dobson and Carper 1994). 4 Diagnostic Tests 225 Practice Tests Question of the Day Flashcards Learn by Concept. This continuation of unequal economic relationships despite an end to formal political control is called neo-colonialism. 1992. The definition of cultural diffusion (noun) is the geographical and social spread of the different aspects of one more cultures to different ethnicities, religions, nationalities, regions, etc. First, it led to efforts by colonizers to wipe out or prevent the practice of native cultural traditions. We can begin to trace the causes of "the rise of the West" in the 1200s. A description of the nature and exact location of the content that you claim to infringe your copyright, in \ Prior to that, other regions of the world, specifically China and India, could be considered the core (Frank 1998). improve our educational resources. Other areas of the colonies were less climatically similar to Europe, but they produced many of the most important commodities such as sugar and tobacco. Numerous colonies still exist today -- for example, the US controls places such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and some native activists argue that Hawaii is more colony than state. Popular culture portrays Columbus as having the insight that the world was round -- and thus that China could be reached by sailing westward -- while his ignorant contemporaries insisted the world was flat. The first was technological superiority (Diamond 1997). Flashcards. an mining). and hopefully the two blogs will match up. But the presence of massive European demand for slaves greatly shaped Africans' incentives. •Example: people may choose to move because of a major problem that almost forces them to move •Example: people may feel they will eventually be forced to move, so they voluntarily move . The work of capturing slaves and bringing them to the European trading ports was done by other Africans. KEY QUESTION #2: WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? Initial attempts to use Native American labor were disappointing, as so many of them had died of diseases. Timber and other forest products like turpentine were also important. DBHS AP Human Geography 2012-13 Monday, November 5, 2012. More specifically, we know that the industrial revolution began in the English Midlands, and spread first to the rest of Europe and North America. La Crónica del Perú. Hold on to your hats! Second, many people native to the colonies internalized the colonizer's ideologies. Blaut, J. M. 1989. In practice this meant stripping the colonies of their raw resources, bringing them back to Europe, and either storing them or using them in manufacturing. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. For example, English farming systems involving wheat, peas, and cattle could be recreated in the northeastern US with little effort. the "Pax Britannica" established in Africa (Watts 1986). Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. Each of these concessions was then exploited to further tighten Europe's grip on the Chinese economy. 2010. It effectively divided the continent of South America between a Spanish-controlled empire and a Portuguese-controlled empire. As trade routes began to grow again, European rulers and merchants committed themselves to capturing more of the trade surplus -- to becoming less of a semiperiphery and more of a core part of the world economic system. Then click 'Next Question' to answer the next question. A mere boost to Europe's fortunes was not enough to turn Europe into the core of the world economy. A related theory was environmental determinism. Home Embed All AP Human Geography Resources . Origins of the Modern World System [link]. Add To Calendar; Details ; About the Units. or more of your copyrights, please notify us by providing a written notice (“Infringement Notice”) containing The only way to acquire cash was to grow crops that could be sold to colonial trading monopolies, or to work as a laborer in colonial mines or other jobs. Since Papua New Guinea is so poor, they lack the power to say no to the foreign mining company, or to mine the minerals themselves. In Environmental Justice: Discourses in International Political Economy, eds. The solution was simple: Britain banned India from exporting textiles. Sovereignty is the authority of a state to govern itself. Brautigam, Deborah. The World System: Five Hundred or Five Thousand Years? So why is English spoken so widely there? Frenkel, Stephen. Vocabulary from the Advanced Placement course of Human Geography regarding political geography . Colonialism works to funnel wealth back to the colonizer while inhibiting the development of the colony. The bluntest instrument was to simply seize land and convert it into plantations run by Europeans. Spell. Chase-Dunn, Christopher, and Thomas D. Hall. At least a few Europeans settled in every colony, in order to run its affairs and direct the production of wealth for the ruler. Mercantilism was eventually replaced by free-market capitalism as the dominant economic theory in Europe and much of the world. Start studying Colonialism (APHG Unit 3). We learned in an earlier chapter that the idea of race, in the sense of biologically distinct sub-species of humans, was created during the colonial era to justify the social organization of the colonies. In this article, we'll go through the structure of the free-response section, some helpful tips for answering AP Human Geography FRQs, examples of what these free-response questions look like, and a few places where you can find the best practice materials. Transportation of which of the following was NOT part of the Atlantic Triangular Trade of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries between the Americas (American colonies and the Caribbean), Europe, and Africa? The semiperiphery is composed of areas in between the core and periphery. Other natural resources and agricultural products were important as well (Pomeranz 2000). The population of the Americas, on the other hand, was smaller, less densely settled, and less tightly linked into long-distance trade. Those that fell on the Portuguese side of this arbitrary line now live in Brazil and continue to speak Portuguese; those that fell on the Spanish side live in the rest of South America and continue to speak Spanish. Heartland and Rimland Theory. This was done uncooperatively though the so-called “Scramble for Africa” and cooperatively with the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885. Colonization also imposed new boundaries on colonized lands. A boundary that was drawn across an area prior to the area becoming substantially … which specific portion of the question – an image, a link, the text, etc – your complaint refers to; International Trade Approach & Self Sufficient Approach. One mechanism was taxation (Watts 1983). India and China were the dominant economic powers in this system. 5. Much of the trade within Asia was carried on by Arab and Chinese ships, and caravans through Central Asia. Seville. Sundberg, J. ensuring Germany would respect the territorial sovereignty of France and Belgium in western Europe and Africa, dividing the continent of Africa among the various European imperial powers without an outbreak of war between those powers, establishing trading ports in Japan and China for the European imperial powers, preventing German attempts at achieving hegemonic control over the European continent, organizing a combined western European resistance against the Ottoman and Russian Empires. Whilst Algeria accounts for a little over one-percent of French trade (making it relatively insignificant to France), France accounts for a quarter of Algerian trade (making it extremely significant to Algeria). Many countries bear crushing debt burdens which are owed to ex-colonizer countries, forcing them to continue producing for the world market and making them vulnerable to demands from international creditors. Introduction of diseases into "virgin" territory, Mass migration of colonized peoples into the colonizing country. sufficient detail to permit Varsity Tutors to find and positively identify that content; for example we require The Domino Theory. Nunn, N., and L. Wantchekon. information contained in your Infringement Notice is accurate, and (c) under penalty of perjury, that you are 1994. The trade did not feature the transportation of tobacco from Europe to the Americas. A. Widely believed to be the “cradle of humankind,” Africa is the only continent with fossil evidence of human beings (Homo sapiens) and their ancestors through each key stage of their evolution. Chamberlain, Muriel E. 1999. … The pre-European population of the Americas is estimated to have been somewhere in the range of 40 to 80 million, but the population was reduced to only 6 million by 1650 (Denevan 1992). Self-determination is the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and governments. Federal and Unitary States. So the colonial rulers brought about two major migration streams: settlers from Europe, and slaves from Africa. Colonialism: Colonialism refers to the act of a group of people from one nation going to other parts of the world and forming settlements. 2007. an economic theory that emphasizes favorable balance of trade and the accumulation of precious metals, a political theory that emphasizes personal liberty and autonomy, but also competition and antagonism, an economic theory that emphasizes freedom from government intervention, a political theory that emphasizes cooperation and communalism and the suppression of individuality. Most Greek gods and goddesses are representations of the active physical elements that made up the local landscape. discuss environmental determinism in detail later, Kenya: Post-election violence not spontaneous. 2001. During the two centuries of British rule in India, India's economy was restructured to benefit Britain (Davis 2001). Geographical Review 82 (2): 143-153. 3. Most of the devastating epidemic diseases are derived from diseases common to herd animals. The effects of four centuries of slave trade on Africa are still apparent, a mere century and a half after its end. Political Geography. CREATE AN ACCOUNT Create Tests & Flashcards. If they succeeded in their economic endeavors, people would take that as proof that they were favored by God and thus likely to be among those predestined for Heaven (Weber 1904). Many of the most-spoken languages around the world are European, with the number of speakers vastly outweighing the population of that language's country of origin. ChillingEffects.org. misrepresent that a product or activity is infringing your copyrights. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. as Colonizing powers brought with them a conviction that race is a biologically real phenomenon, and so they interpreted many differences in culture or economic way of life among colonized peoples as racial differences. India's major commodity export for a long time had been textiles, produced in rural shops all through the region. Long-distance trade fell off as people focused on maintaining their own local livelihoods. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Struggle in Ogoniland: Ken Saro-Wiwa and the cultural politics of environmental justice. Raiding neighboring villages or even selling off members of your own tribe served as insurance against becoming a victim of the slave trade yourself -- sell them before they sell you (Nunn and Wantchekon 2009). Mahan's Sea Power Theory . 1553. Rather, the system is typically organized so that the bulk of the profits accrue to one area of the world, called the core. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. Key Concepts: Terms in this set (58) Antecedent Boundary. 2. The Dragon's Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa. This ideology brought two types of subordination to colonized peoples. This form of economic control over a former colony is known as “Neo-colonialism.”. This is a simple matter of evolutionary biology. Humans caught these diseases by domesticating animals like cattle, sheep, and chickens. In Africa, it was common for the best and most fertile lands to be seized by British colonists, forcing native Africans to crowd into poorer lands (Rocheleau 1995). None of these are the sort of herd animals that commonly pass diseases to humans (Diamond 1997). The slave trade and the origins of mistrust in Africa, Soul wound: the legacy of Native American schools, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Amnesty Magazine. A revolution in environmental justice and sustainable development: the political ecology of Nicaragua. Science & Society 53 (3): 260-296. Slavery had existed for a long time in both Europe and Africa. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Infringement Notice, it will make a good faith attempt to contact the party that made such content available by Colonizing powers brought with them worldviews that said that Europeans were culturally, racially, and morally superior. Of these countries, all are correctly labeled except Mozambique and Great Britain. AP Human Geography Unit 3 FRQs 1. 2010. Europe had a breakthrough in 1492 with the voyage of Christopher Columbus (Blaut 1993). Infectious diseases and human population history. But the granting of formal independence did not necessarily end the economic … Example: Spanish colonialism in the west. More on Machakos. In the United States, for example, government- and church-run boarding schools for Native American children prohibited them from speaking their native language, practicing their native religion, or learning traditional native ways of making a living (e.g. Over time, these trans-regional economic linkages have spread farther and grown stronger, leading eventually to our modern globe-spanning economy. Smallpox derives from cowpox, measles from rinderpest, and human influenza from related diseases of a variety of livestock. Independent states are the building blocks of the of world political map. Such activities have continued since the fall of the USSR. Example Questions . Large economic systems go through boom and bust phases on a long historical time scale. But European settlement was particularly heavy in areas that have come to be known as neo-Europes -- Canada, the US, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay in the Americas, as well as South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. St. Louis, MO 63105. Those who saw the harm in this internalization then reacted by simply flipping to the other side and rejecting anything that allegedly carried the taint of the colonizer. (Note that contrary to popular myth, the Chinese did not use gunpowder solely for fireworks -- indeed, one would have to be rather dense to invent something that makes a dramatic explosion, and not figure out that you could use it to kill someone!) Colonialism involves a powerful nation sending settlers to permanently live in another land under the originating nation's control. They give an overview of each free-response question and of how students performed on the question, including typical … Journal of World History 16 (4): 411-465. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Geography, empire, and environmental determinism. Finally, diseases have a much more devastating impact when they come to a new population for the first time. It draws on a comprehensıve range of sources in outlining the linkages between knowledge, power and representation of the colonial image. Despite having achieved independence half a century ago the economy of Algeria remains closely tied to the economy of France. Each downswing is an opportunity for the system to be reorganized as different powers seize the advantage. This helps to solidify control of the colony. Chew, Sing C. 2001. Only a few of today's countries were never ruled by a European or neo-European power, and even those came under heavy European influence in their internal affairs and ability to participate in the world market. The slave trade and the origins of mistrust in Africa. Basic and Non-Basic Industries. Moreover, the net effect of colonization in some cases was to exacerbate ethnic tensions. Language ex³nc³on, both currently and throughout history, has been a major concern for cultural geographers, linguists, anthropologists, and other academics. Start studying Ap Human Geography Unit 4. During the last few decades of the nineteenth century, and the early twentieth century, the European imperial powers carved the continent of Africa among themselves. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Under British rule, these programs were eliminated. K. Anderson et al., 544-556. Dependency Theory. One major commodity that China did demand from the outside world was precious metals, particularly silver (Frank 1998). In order to explain how "the West" became the core of our current world economic system, we have to go back to a time when it wasn't. One long-popular theory was race: Europeans, and their descendants elsewhere in the world, were said to be simply more intelligent and harder-working (Kobayashi 2003). Other writers have tried to find something inherent in European culture to explain the difference. 2002. In many cases, that was British consumers rather than Indian ones. Joni Adamson, Mei Mei Evans, and Rachel Stein, 229-246. But why those countries instead of others? If there was nothing but ocean between Europe and China, the sailing ships available in Europe at the time could not make the voyage. In The Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics, and Pedagogy, eds. Varsity Tutors LLC The real disagreement was over how big the earth was. Epidemics will tend to kill the people who are most susceptible, preventing them from passing on their genes. PLAY. A ruler who acquired guns from the Europeans in exchange for slaves was at a political and military advantage vis-a-vis neighbors who did not participate in the slave trade. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. During the growth phase, economic activity picks up, populations rise, and the volume of trade between regions increases. Three key factors explain why European diseases were so devastating to Native Americans, whereas with the exception of syphilis, no American diseases ever became a problem for Europeans: domestic animals, population size, and time (Dobson and Carper 1994). The construction of geographical knowledge -- racialization, spatialization. Yet at the same time, the increased economic activity generated by the influx of American silver and other resources, as well as a population boom fueled by new American crops like potatoes and maize, was causing the economies of China and India -- the old cores -- to expand too (Frank 1998). If you believe that content available by means of the Website (as defined in our Terms of Service) infringes one Colonialism is a process by which a country takes over new land, and reorganizes that land's economy to benefit the colonizing power, rather than to benefit the residents of the colony. Match. information described below to the designated agent listed below. Explain how colonialism a±ected global paTerns of language and religion using speci²c examples to support your argument. Denevan, William M. 1992. Losing these workers made Africa more dependent on European goods and less able to produce for itself. A statement by you: (a) that you believe in good faith that the use of the content that you claim to infringe Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Native Americans were often skilled fighters, and they quickly took up European weaponry, but they remained largely dependent on trade with European allies to keep up in the arms race. Describe the concept of a superimposed boundary. My Geography teacher is also going to write a blog about what she teaches me (and therefore what I should have learnt!) Asian manufacturing was much more productive than that of Europe. It was conquered by the Japanese during the war but returned to France following the conclusion of the war. The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. either the copyright owner or a person authorized to act on their behalf. France is currently by far the biggest trading partner of Algeria, this is most accurately described as __________. Meanwhile, Papua New Guinea may receive a few low-paying jobs. The types include, nations, states, nation-states, multinational states, multistate nations, and autonomous regions. Numerous colonies still exist today -- for example, the US controls places such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and some native activists argue that Hawaii is more colony than state. China soon began to suffer some of the same problems as India, as its economic activity came to serve European wealth and systems to provide for people in the event of a catastrophe like a drought weakened. (Clear inference of communication barriers being overcome.) Berkeley: University of California Press. During this contraction phase, regions refocus on local subsistence and trade declines. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. Faber, Daniel 2002. Frank, Andre Gunder, and Barry Gills, eds. These raw materials fed the manufacturers of Europe, easing resource constraints that had grown as Europe's economy expanded. This re-cutting of the colonized territory stuck groups long at odds with each other together into the same political unit. The mines of the Americas began pumping silver into the Asian economy, either moving directly across the Pacific in Spanish galleons, or passing to Europe and then on via the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia (Figure 4). Second, the trans-Atlantic slave trade was highly racialized. European powers moved quickly to establish plantations in the Caribbean and nearby parts of the mainland to grow sugar, tobacco, and cotton, among other products. BioScience 46 (2): 115-126. In particular, Europeans brought with them steel (known since antiquity but greatly improved by Indian smiths), and guns (invented by the Chinese). 2. This is basically how Europe, boosted by the products of its American colonies and skilled in colonial domination by its practice there, brought down China and India. In addition to the violence of the conquest itself, a variety of consequences were felt by colonized societies. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350. Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 1989. The Berlin Conference was convened in 1884 with the intention of dividing up the continent of Africa among the various European imperial powers (Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy). Examples of Empires. Irredentism refers to the belief that territory outside a given state should be made part of the state due to a large amount of people living there of the same ethnicity as live in the state in question or due to the state having historically been in possession of the territory. But even where land was left in native hands, colonial rulers found ways to change their economic calculus. Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. These continents proved far more lucrative for Europe than any trade route. Colonialism is when a more powerful country attempts to assert its power and influence over a weaker country. Rather, tobacco was transported from the Americas, particularly from the American colonies, to Europe. The full slideshow can be purchased at http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Mr-Eil… But the granting of formal independence did not necessarily end the economic and political control that the core held over the periphery. Mozambique was under the control of Portugal. The taxes were often timed to force native producers to sell their crops at times of the year when markets were glutted and thus prices were low. Smith, Andrea. Weber’s theory fails to account for the greater economic dynamism of Asia during much of the period after the Protestant reformation or the recent economic success of Catholic (Spain, Ireland) and Confucian (Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore) societies. The unreliability of India's climate had led native princes to develop systems to accumulate and store food during good years, and redistribute that food in bad ones. As a result of the vagaries of biogeography, the Afro-Eurasian landmass contained a number of suitable domesticable species. On the political front, countries in the European/neo-European core used their greater power to interfere with the affairs of ex-colonies around the world. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. Dobson, Andrew P., and E. Robin Carper. Colonialism also created ideological subordination. Marks the beginning of the modern state system Treaty between princes of the states making up the Holy Roman Empire Ended destructive religious war –The Thirty Year War Recognized the rights of rulers within defined 5 Shapes of Countries. But as we learned in an earlier chapter, race is not a biologically valid concept when applied to people. link to the specific question (not just the name of the question) that contains the content and a description of Educated people in Europe had known the world was round since the ancient Greeks proved it around 200 BCE. Describe how historically the political geography of colonialism affected indigenous languages. By the end of the colonial era, the world economy had been remade to place Europe and the neo-Europes in a dominant position. One important synthesis of the way these spatial arrangements work is World Systems Theory. The pattern would be repeated throughout the Americas. Three Types of Empires. This was in part triggered by the Black Plague. In the Americas, lands were cut up into haciendas run by Spanish or Portuguese masters, with poor and native people having little option but to work for the masters (even if they weren’t formally enslaved). Explain how indigenous languages have been under threat from primary economic activities in the Americas since the 1970s. During the colonial era, Europeans came to believe that the people of an entire continent were fit only to work at the behest of superior types of humans (Sundberg 2008). The course content outlined below is organized into commonly taught units of study that provide one possible sequence for the course. Kenya: Post-election violence not spontaneous. 2009. The term “Neo-colonialism” has emerged in recent years to refer to the continued economic dependence of colonies on their former occupiers. In Handbook of Cultural Geography, eds. Crosby, Alfred W. 1986. Given this history, it is not surprising that the entitlement theory of famine was developed by Amartya Sen, an Indian. The distinguishing feature of the neo-Europes is the similarity of their climates to that of Europe. Here's another fun fact: the Angles never lived in Hong Kong. John Byrne, Leigh Glover, and Cecilia Martinez, 39-70. But Columbus was convinced that the Earth was smaller than that, and therefore that he could sail all the way to China (Blaut 1989). B. 2. the brand of aggressive, militaristic colonialism that emerged in the second-half of the nineteenth century, the spread and globalization of western, particularly American, culture, the continued economic dependence of colonies on their former occupiers, the dependence of many of the world’s poorest countries on the United States of America for food and aid. Ships sailing in the Mediterranean were blocked by the African, Arabian, and central Asian land masses, the rulers of which could limit trade or extract taxes from merchants. Ethnic groups that were hardest-hit by the slave trade exhibit lower trust and poorer economic success than their neighbors who were less devastated by slavery (Nunn and Wantchekon 2009). Wallerstein's World System Theory. At this time, most of the Eastern Hemisphere -- from Britain to Japan, and from Russia to Zimbabwe -- was connected in one large trade network (Abu-Lughod 1989), shown in Figure 2. Colonial rulers charged native people taxes that must be paid in cash -- in contrast to native rulers, who had accepted payment in grain, hides, or other products. For now, we can summarize by saying that some people argued that the temperate climate of Europe was invigorating to its inhabitants, whereas tropical climates in much of the rest of the world made people lazy and sensual (Frenkel 1992). 2. But the underlying tensions did not go away, and they erupted once the colonizer was pushed out -- as we can see today in Nigeria (Comfort 2002) and Kenya (Daily Nation 2010). Finally, the American colonies provided a captive market for European manufactured goods (Blaut 1993). This means that the profits from selling the mine's products will go to investors in those regions. The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. hunting or native forms of agriculture) (Smith 2007). … This often leads to mistreatment of the original inhabitants, degradation of the local environment, and introduction of previously unknown diseases. Throughout the Americas, European diseases wiped out countless native people. The world's major mining companies are headquartered in places like North America and Europe. It is one of the most significant events during the age of imperialism (circa 1870-1914). Australia and Oceania’s physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately. The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed between the empires of Spain and Portugal in 1494. The plague originated with rats from central Asia. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. © 2007-2020 All Rights Reserved, The term Neo-colonialism is used to refer to, France is currently by far the biggest trading partner of Algeria, this is most accurately described as, The Treaty of Tordesillas primarily concerns the division of, The Berlin Conference was primarily concerned with, SAT Courses & Classes in San Francisco-Bay Area. If you've found an issue with this question, please let us know. Structure of contemporary political map. 2014 AP® Human Geography Free-Response Questions The following comments on the 2014 free-response questions for AP® Human Geography were written by the Chief Reader, Don Zeigler, Old Dominion University, Virginia Beach Higher Education Center in Virginia Beach, Va. So is Iceland. Nevertheless, European powers were able to use their increasing control over world trade to force China into making trade concessions favorable to Europe (Davis 2001). AP Human Geography Help » Political Organization of Space » Evolution … The end of formal colonialism is usually dated to the mid-1800s for the Western Hemisphere, and the mid-1900s for the Eastern. Diffusion is the spreading of culture from one area to another. While Asians had little interest in Europe's poorer-quality textiles, ceramics, etc., settlers in European colonies had little choice but to buy them. mgettenberg. It spread quickly along trade routes throughout the Eastern Hemisphere, devastating populations and thereby disrupting economies. Yet in their second assault, they were successful. The Indian Ocean in Eurasian and African world-systems before the Sixteenth Century. Today there is fear among some political players that China's rapid economic growth is giving them the means to compete with the US, Japan, and Europe in manipulating poorer countries (Brautigam 2010). Your Infringement Notice may be forwarded to the party that made the content available or to third parties such means of the most recent email address, if any, provided by such party to Varsity Tutors. If Varsity Tutors takes action in response to But Britain's emerging industrial economy was also focused (among other things) on textile manufacture. As historian Janet Abu-Lughod put it, "the 'fall of the East' preceded the 'Rise of the West'" (Abu-Lughod 1989). It is much easier for a disease to hit this sweet spot in a large, dense population. To gain control over the world economy, Europe had to take out its competition. The important idea here is that long-distance trade is not carried on for the equal benefit of all parties. Fun fact: the English language is named for the Angles, an ethnic group who (along with the Saxons) were ancestors of the English people. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Economic Research. The East India Company ruled the colony as a corporate asset for 100 years, until the British government took over and ran the colony for another 100 years. Describe three political or cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Algeria was once a major colony of France and was under French control until the 1960s. Cultural Geography Historic Cultures The African continent has a unique place in human history. Diamond, Jared M. 1997. 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